India Advocates for Sustainable Waste Management Solutions

The 2025 Conferences of the Parties to the Basel, Rotterdam, and Stockholm Conventions (BRS COPs) took place in Geneva from 28 April to 9 May. India emphasised the need for innovative financing mechanisms and domestic resource mobilisation to tackle hazardous chemicals and waste. The theme “Make visible the invisible – sound management of chemicals and wastes” guided discussions aimed at enhancing global cooperation for environmental protection.

Key Themes of the BRS COPs

The BRS COPs serve as a platform for international dialogue. These meetings focus on the management of hazardous chemicals and waste. The integration of environmental policies is crucial for successful outcomes. Countries are encouraged to adopt comprehensive strategies addressing both human health and ecological concerns.

India’s Integrated Approach

India’s Environment Minister Bhupendra Yadav brought into light the nation’s commitment to implementing the BRS Conventions through national legislation. Key laws include the Environment (Protection) Act and the E-Waste Management Rules of 2016. These frameworks support investments in infrastructure and technology, essential for effective waste management.

Challenges in Plastic Pollution

Despite banning single-use plastic items in 2022, India remains the largest plastic polluter globally. A study revealed that the country releases 9.3 million tonnes of plastic annually. This ongoing challenge puts stress on the need for stringent measures and public awareness to mitigate environmental damage.

Need for Institutional Mechanisms

The discussions at the BRS COPs stressed the importance of strong institutional frameworks. Effective inter-agency coordination and capacity building are vital. Environmental ministries must be empowered to lead the implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements.

Innovative Financing Solutions

Ministers proposed various innovative financing options. These include green bonds and debt-for-nature swaps. Such mechanisms aim to attract private investment, especially in countries with fiscal challenges. Regulatory frameworks must also encourage private sector engagement through incentives for adopting green technologies.

Regional Cooperation and Technical Assistance

Strengthening regional centres is essential for sharing resources and expertise. Special attention was given to conflict-affected nations. Proposals included direct access to international financing and tailored technical support to ensure equitable implementation of environmental policies.

Outcomes of the 2023 BRS COPs

The 2023 BRS COPs achieved milestones. Three new chemicals were listed under the Stockholm Convention. A pesticide was added to the Prior Informed Consent procedure under the Rotterdam Convention. Additionally, technical guidelines were adopted for managing plastic waste, persistent organic pollutants, and electronic waste.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically discuss the role of international conventions in addressing environmental issues.
2. Examine the impact of plastic pollution on terrestrial and marine ecosystems.
3. Estimate the effectiveness of India’s legislative measures in managing hazardous waste.
4. Analyse the necessity of regional cooperation in implementing environmental agreements.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically discuss the role of international conventions in addressing environmental issues.

1. International conventions provide a structured framework for countries to collaborate on environmental protection.
2. They facilitate the sharing of best practices, technologies, and financial resources among nations.
3. Conventions like the Basel, Rotterdam, and Stockholm Conventions specifically target hazardous chemicals and waste management.
4. They promote accountability through monitoring and reporting mechanisms, ensuring compliance with agreed standards.
5. Such agreements enhance global awareness and commitment to sustainable development goals.

2. Examine the impact of plastic pollution on terrestrial and marine ecosystems.

1. Plastic pollution leads to habitat degradation, harming biodiversity in both terrestrial and marine environments.
2. Ingestion of plastic by wildlife can cause injury, disease, and mortality, disrupting food chains.
3. Microplastics contaminate soil and water, affecting plant growth and animal health.
4. Plastic waste contributes to the accumulation of toxins in ecosystems, posing risks to human health through the food chain.
5. Efforts to mitigate plastic pollution, such as bans on single-use plastics, are essential for ecosystem recovery.

3. Estimate the effectiveness of India’s legislative measures in managing hazardous waste.

1. India’s legislative framework includes the Environment (Protection) Act and E-Waste Management Rules, promoting responsible waste management.
2. Implementation of these laws has led to increased awareness and compliance among industries regarding hazardous waste disposal.
3. However, challenges remain, such as enforcement issues and limited public awareness about hazardous waste management.
4. The ban on single-use plastics signifies a proactive approach, although plastic pollution remains a critical challenge.
5. Continuous investment in infrastructure and capacity building is necessary to enhance legislative effectiveness.

4. Analyse the necessity of regional cooperation in implementing environmental agreements.

1. Regional cooperation allows for resource sharing and coordinated efforts in addressing transboundary environmental issues.
2. It encourages collaboration among countries with similar ecological challenges, enhancing collective impact.
3. Strengthening regional centres facilitates technical exchanges and capacity development tailored to specific regional needs.
4. Conflict-affected nations benefit from shared knowledge and resources, promoting equitable environmental governance.
5. Regional partnerships can attract international funding and support for environmental initiatives, ensuring sustainable development.