The Prime Minister of India recently addressed the Second Global Covid Virtual Summit, conducted by the World Health Organisation (WHO), where he stressed the importance of WHO Reforms. These reforms have been a focal point of discussions in various multilateral forums, such as the G20 and BRICS, in the year 2021-22. The need for reform has been accentuated by the WHO’s initial handling of the Covid-19 pandemic and is backed by many countries globally.
India’s Proposed Reforms
At the heart of India’s proposed reforms is an emphasis on strengthening the declaration process for Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). For this, clear parameters and objective criteria are indispensable. A PHEIC represents a situation that is seriously sudden, unusual or unexpected; carries implications for public health extending beyond the borders of the affected state; and may require immediate international action.
Issues with Funding
Another critical area of concern raised by India is the funding mechanisms for WHO’s programmatic activities. Most financing comes from extra-budgetary contributions, which, despite being voluntary, are typically earmarked. As such, WHO experiences limited flexibility using these funds. To address this, it’s crucial to ensure these contributions go unearmarked, allowing WHO to freely use them where most needed.
Transparency and Accountability
India points out the lack of collaborative mechanisms in deciding actual projects and activities consultation with member states. There is also no review of whether the projects offer value for money and adhere to member state priorities, or if there are abnormal delays. Therefore, robust financial accountability frameworks are essential to maintain transparency and integrity in funding allocations and disbursements.
Enhancing Response Capacities
Implementation of International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005 has revealed significant gaps in the basic health infrastructure of member states, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. The WHO should focus on building and strengthening capacities in member states to address these critical gaps.
Improvement in Governance Structure
As a technical organisation, most of WHO’s work is handled by Technical Committees comprising independent experts. However, with the growing risks associated with disease outbreaks, the role of the Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee (IOAC) becomes crucial. Accordingly, member states should have a greater say in WHO’s functioning, particularly since they carry out the implementation of technical advice and recommendations provided by the organisation.
IHR Implementation and Access to Theraupetics
Member states are obliged under IHR 2005 for self-reporting, yet the review of IHR implementation remains voluntary. International cooperation should be prioritised to aid developing countries identified as lacking the necessary capacity to implement the IHR. Moreover, fair, affordable, and equitable access to all tools to combat Covid-19 pandemic must be ensured along with revising TRIPS flexibilities under the Doha Declaration, which are not sufficient to handle crises like the Covid-19 pandemic.
Management of Infectious Diseases & Pandemics
The global community needs to be vigilant and prepared for tackling infectious diseases and potential pandemics. A monitoring mechanism to support member states should be created while also enhancing their capacities for dealing with such health emergencies. This includes establishing efficient public health systems, human resources infrastructure, testing and surveillance capabilities.
The Role of Hosted Partnerships
The increasing threats imposed by new influenza viruses necessitate the global community’s vigilance and preparedness. It calls for the creation of robust healthcare systems and proactive steps towards global pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response. With effective strategies and reforms in place, the international community could become better equipped to manage future pandemics.
