Electric Vertical Take-off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft is an innovative development in the aerospace industry that have garnered a massive interest in recent years. Primarily utilising electric power to hover, take off, and land vertically, eVTOLs have evolved due to successes in electric propulsion stimulated by the advancement in motor, battery, fuel cell and electronic controller technologies. The government of India is among those who recognises the potential of this technology and it is currently investigating the possibilities for the manufacturers of eVTOL aircraft to establish a base in their country.
Understanding eVTOL Aircraft
eVTOL aircraft are machines that utilize distributed electric propulsion technology, a complex system that is integrated into the airframe. In essence, they are designed with multiple motors to enhance efficiency and ensure safety. This has come about due to the need for new vehicle technology that would facilitate Urban Air Mobility (UAM). It’s estimated that more than 250 eVTOL concepts are currently being refined to make UAM a reality. The concepts range from multi-rotors to fixed-wing and tilt-wing concepts, and are integrated with state-of-the-art technology such as sensors, cameras, and radar. In varying stages of development, some concepts are undergoing test phases with others having already embarked on test flights, waiting approval for operational purposes.
Progress in eVTOL Development
The roles eVTOLs will assume are largely dependent on the advancement of battery technology and the limitations of onboard electric power. For instance, BAE Systems, a British multinational security and aerospace company, is exploring formats that use different types of Lithium batteries. Nano Diamond Batteries, on the other hand, is examining “Diamond Nuclear Voltaic (DNV) technology”, using miniscule amounts of carbon-14 nuclear waste encased in industrial diamonds to self-sustain the energy supply. Despite the heavy reliance on batteries, experts are querying whether exclusively battery-driven or hybrid technologies like hydrogen cells would fare better in different flight missions. Nevertheless, irrespective of the technology in use, strict checks and certification requirements will be enforced.
Challenges in eVTOL Adaption
Though eVTOL aircraft presents promising possibilities, it’s not without its challenges. As the technology is a blend of unpiloted and piloted aircraft, there is a need for effective “crash prevention systems”, which utilise cameras, GPS, radar, and infrared scanners. Safety measures in case of powerplant or rotor failure, and protection against cyberattacks are critical considerations. Additionally, navigation and flight safety when operating in challenging terrains, unsafe environments, and unfavourable weather conditions are areas that need to be addressed.
The Global Market for eVTOLs
The global market for eVTOLs is projected at USD8.5 million in 2021 and is expected to surge to USD30.8 million by 2030. The primary drivers for this growth include green energy and noise-free aircraft, cargo-carrying concepts and the urgent need for new modes of transport. Further, the UAM market is predicted to expand at a compound annual growth rate of 25% between 2018-25, potentially becoming a USD74 billion market by 2025. eVTOLs form a significant part of this since UAM primarily champions the application of eVTOLs.