The emblematic date of April 18th was designated as the International Day for Monuments and Sites, otherwise known as World Heritage Day, by the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) in 1982. This year’s theme, “Heritage Changes,” emphasizes the influence of cultural heritage in climate action and its integral role in safeguarding susceptible communities.
The Status of Heritage Sites in India
India is the proud host to 40 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, ranking it the sixth country globally with the highest number of heritage sites. These include 32 cultural sites, 7 natural sites, and a single mixed-type site – Khangchendzonga National Park. The Indian cultural sites are a fascinating blend of ancient temples, forts, palaces, mosques, and archaeological sites, all reflective of the rich historical and diverse tapestry of the nation. On the other hand, the natural heritage sites are an interesting mix of national parks, wildlife reserves, and natural landscapes that exhibit the unique biodiversity and ecological relevance of the country. The Khangchendzonga National Park, a mixed-type site, is recognized for both its cultural relevance and biodiversity, hosting several rare and endangered species.
Constitutional and Legislative Framework for Indian Heritage
Indian heritage is protected under various provisions of the constitution and legislation. Article 49 of the Directive Principles of State Policy places an obligation on the state to preserve any monument or place of artistic or historical interest declared by law to be of national importance. Further, Article 51A asserts that every Indian citizen should value and maintain our rich cultural heritage. The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (AMASR Act) of 1958 safeguards ancient and historical monuments, archaeological sites and remains of national importance.
Heritage as a Reflection of India’s Cultural Identity
Heritage sites serve as storytellers of India’s glorious past. It is a combination of tangible artefacts and intangible traits inherited from preceding generations, maintained in the present, and preserved for future generations. Despite external diversity, the Indian culture boasts unity in diversity. The diverse heritage reflects the tolerance of Indian society, which allows every culture to flourish without suppressing diversity for uniformity.
Challenges in Heritage Management in India
Despite its rich cultural heritage, India faces numerous challenges in managing these priceless treasures. There is no national-level database with state-wise distribution of heritage structures. The outdated mechanisms used for excavation and exploration seldom include Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing. Additionally, heritage sites are susceptible to environmental degradation and natural disasters. For instance, the Taj Mahal, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, has been affected by air pollution, leading to yellowing and deterioration of its marble structure. Further, over-tourism can result in overcrowding, unregulated visitor activities, and inadequate visitor management, thereby negatively impacting heritage structures, local environment, and lifestyle of the local community.
Government Initiatives for Heritage Conservation
Several initiatives have been undertaken by the government for heritage conservation such as the “Adopt a Heritage” Programme and Project Mausam. However, there’s room for improvement.
The Way Forward: Sustainable Funding Models and Technology
Innovative funding models such as public-private partnerships, corporate sponsorships, crowdfunding, and community-based funding should be explored. Technologies like remote sensing, 3D scanning, virtual reality, and data analytics could aid in documentation, monitoring, and the conservation of heritage sites. Monuments that do not attract many visitors and those without cultural or religious sensitivities could host cultural programmes, promoting the associated intangible heritage and increasing visitor numbers.
Concluding Thoughts
The Indian heritage, deeply rooted in its philosophy and tradition, has played a significant role in conceiving and shaping the country’s monuments and their art. Its preservation is the need of the moment. Safeguarding the Indian art heritage requires earnest effort from all stakeholders, including government authorities, local communities, and visitors.
