India Proposes New Authority for Nuclear Oversight

India is on the verge of establishing a new authority to monitor nuclear fuel supply and waste management. This initiative is driven by the need to enhance oversight and prevent the misuse of nuclear materials. The government is preparing to amend the Atomic Energy Act and introduce robust regulations. These changes could pave the way for private companies to enter the nuclear energy sector.

Proposed Regulatory Framework

The new authority will oversee the entire nuclear supply chain. This includes monitoring the import, usage, and disposal of nuclear fuel. Stringent regulations will be enforced to prevent illegal diversion of materials. Private plants will not be permitted to enrich nuclear fuel. This ensures that the government retains control over critical aspects of nuclear energy management.

Safety and Compliance Measures

All designs for nuclear plants must receive approval from the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB). This body is responsible for ensuring safety and compliance with regulations. The government aims to align these measures with global best practices. The focus is on mitigating risks associated with nuclear fuel diversion.

Current Nuclear Capacity

As of January 30, 2025, India operates 24 nuclear reactors with an installed capacity of 8,180 megawatts (MW). Nuclear power accounts for approximately 3% of the country’s total electricity generation. The government has ambitious plans to increase this capacity to 40 gigawatts (GW) by 2035. This move is part of India’s broader strategy to enhance clean energy production.

Development of Small Modular Reactors

India is actively pursuing the development of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). These reactors are designed to be simpler and more scalable than traditional nuclear plants. The government aims to operationalise at least five indigenously developed SMRs by 2033. This initiative is expected to attract private investment and encourage innovation in the nuclear sector.

Investment and Innovation

To create a favourable environment for investment, the government is proposing amendments to the Atomic Energy Act and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act. These changes are intended to encourage private sector participation. The goal is to enhance India’s nuclear capabilities while ensuring safety and regulatory compliance.

Net-Zero Carbon Emissions Goal

India is committed to achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2070. The expansion of nuclear energy, particularly through the development of SMRs, plays important role in this strategy. The government is focused on meeting its clean energy targets while ensuring sustainable growth in the nuclear sector.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Discuss the implications of introducing private players in India’s nuclear energy sector.
2. Critically examine the significance of the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board in ensuring nuclear safety.
3. Explain the concept of Small Modular Reactors and their potential impact on energy generation in India.
4. What are the challenges India faces in achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2070? Discuss with suitable examples.

Answer Hints:

1. Discuss the implications of introducing private players in India’s nuclear energy sector.

1. Increased investment – Private players can bring in capital and technology, enhancing nuclear infrastructure.
2. Competition – Introduction of private companies may lead to improved efficiency and innovation in the sector.
3. Regulatory challenges – Ensuring compliance with safety standards and regulations may become more complex.
4. Public perception – Concerns regarding safety and environmental impact could arise among the public.
5. Government oversight – The proposed authority will need to maintain stringent control to prevent misuse.

2. Critically examine the significance of the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board in ensuring nuclear safety.

1. Regulatory authority – AERB sets safety standards and guidelines for nuclear facilities in India.
2. Approval process – All nuclear plant designs must be vetted by AERB to ensure compliance with safety protocols.
3. Monitoring – AERB conducts regular inspections and assessments of existing nuclear facilities.
4. Risk mitigation – AERB plays important role in identifying potential hazards and implementing corrective measures.
5. Public trust – AERB’s work encourages confidence in the safety of nuclear energy among the populace.

3. Explain the concept of Small Modular Reactors and their potential impact on energy generation in India.

1. Definition – SMRs are compact nuclear reactors designed for scalability and flexibility in energy production.
2. Enhanced safety – SMRs incorporate advanced safety features, reducing the risk of accidents.
3. Faster deployment – Smaller size allows for quicker construction and commissioning compared to traditional reactors.
4. Decentralized energy – SMRs can be deployed in remote areas, improving energy access and reliability.
5. Alignment with clean energy goals – SMRs support India’s transition to cleaner energy sources and can help meet growing demand.

4. What are the challenges India faces in achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2070? Discuss with suitable examples.

1. Energy transition – Shifting from fossil fuels to renewable sources while ensuring energy security is complex.
2. Infrastructure development – Upgrading existing power grids and building new renewable energy facilities requires investment.
3. Policy consistency – Ensuring long-term policy commitment amidst changing political landscapes can hinder progress.
4. Technological barriers – Developing and deploying new technologies for energy storage and carbon capture is still a challenge.
5. Public awareness – Educating the populace on sustainability practices is essential for achieving carbon neutrality.