The recent proclamation by the Indian Prime Minister at the United Nations General Assembly highlighted an important historical perspective. He stated that India is not only the world’s largest democracy, but it also holds the record for being the birthplace of democracy. This claim is backed by the existence of proto forms of democracy and republicanism in ancient India.
Vedic Governance: An Early Example of Republican Structures
Insights into the democratic governance methods of ancient India can be found in the Vedic scriptures. They outline at least two republican structures; Monarchy and Republics. In a monarchy, elected kings were the norm, hinting at an early form of democracy. Meanwhile, republics had power vested in a council or sabha. Membership to these sabhas often involved individuals who had displayed valorous actions. Significantly, there are points of congruency between the sabha system and modern bicameral legislative bodies, as power was often shared with a common people’s assembly or samiti.
Mahabharata: Chronicles of Ancient Republics
The Shanti Parva section of the Mahabharata provides a detailed description of the features of ancient Indian republics (ganas). It reveals that republics became powerful through unity among their citizens, leading to prosperity. In contrast, internal conflicts led to their downfall. The existence of republics indicates the cohabitation of kingdoms and regions in ancient India.
Buddhist Canons: Further Evidence of Republics
The Buddhist Canon, written in both Sanskrit and Pali, makes multiple references to republics in ancient India. The renowned Lichchavi city of Vaishali is extensively mentioned. It also narrates the republic’s rivalry with neighbouring Magadha, a monarchy. Other Buddhist and Jain texts list 16 powerful states or mahajanapadas of the time.
Greek Records: Observations from Alexander’s Invasion
Historical records from Greek historian Diodorus Siculus reveal that most cities in North West India had democratic forms of government at the time of Alexander’s invasion in 326 B.C. The armies of these republics, such as the Mallas, fiercely resisted the invasion and inflicted heavy casualties on Alexander’s forces.
Kautilya’s Arthashastra: A Study on Ancient Statecraft
Kautilya’s Arthashastra, a treatise on statecraft and economic policy, also provides insights into the democratic elements of ancient Indian governance. It presents a state as being comprised of seven elements, with the king, ministers, and people seen as crucial components. Importantly, the Arthashastra highlights that the happiness and benefit of the people are synonymous with those of the King, reinforcing the focus on collective welfare.
