The Indian Government has recently introduced the Antarctic Bill in the Lok Sabha aimed at regulating activities, visits, and potential disputes among visitors of Antarctica. The bill will be applicable to both Indian and foreign citizens.
Understanding the Draft Indian Antarctic Bill-2022
The Antarctic Bill-2022 has been drafted with an aim to protect and manage activities and visits to Antarctica. The bill outlines stringent guidelines and a system of permits issued by a government-appointed committee. No individual or expedition would be allowed entry into Antarctica without such permit. This bill is significant given that it also applies to non-Indian citizens visiting the region.
Provisions under the Bill for Environmental Protection
The Bill is replete with environmental protection measures including strict prohibitions on damaging native plants, flying or landing helicopters, operating vessels that might disturb birds and seals, and usage of firearms. It also forbids any activity that might negatively impact the habitat of animals or birds or cause them harm.
Focussed Restrictions on Mineral Resource Extraction
The bill further disallows drilling, dredging, excavation, or collection of mineral resources. Even identification of mineral deposits is prohibited, unless it is intended for scientific research and is supported by a valid permit.
Punitive Measures for Non-Native Species Introduction
Another notable provision of the bill is the explicit prohibition on the introduction of animals, birds, plants, or microscopic organisms not native to Antarctica. Violation of this provision could lead to imprisonment and monetary penalties.
Guidelines for Indian Tour Operators
The Bill also makes provisions for Indian tour operators, enabling them to operate in Antarctica only after acquiring the necessary permit.
India’s Presence in Antarctica
India currently maintains two permanent research stations out of the total forty stationed in Antarctica. Named Maitri and Bharati, these stations contribute to India’s steadfast commitment to conducting scientific research in the region.
Objectives of the Antarctic Bill
The objective of the Bill is to provide a comprehensive policy framework for India’s activities in Antarctica. This includes managing Antarctic tourism, facilitating sustainable development of fisheries, and overseeing the activities of the Indian Antarctic programme.
Reasons for Implementing Such Law
India has been a signatory to the Antarctica Treaty since 1983, which necessitates the country to specify laws governing its territories on the continent. The Bill is intended to preserve the pristine nature of the continent in compliance with such international treaties.
An Overview: Antarctica, Indian Antarctic Programme and Treaties
Antarctica, Earth’s southernmost continent, is uninhabited except for those manning the nearly 40 permanent stations established for scientific research by various countries including India. It is the fifth-largest continent. India officially acceded to the Antarctic Treaty System in August 1983 and has launched 41 scientific expeditions annually. The Indian Antarctic Programme operates under the purview of the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, part of the Ministry of Earth Sciences.