The Indian National Army (INA), also known as the Azad Hind Fauj, was an armed force formed by Indian nationalists during World War II. It aimed to secure India’s independence from British rule. Established in 1942, the INA was led by Subhas Chandra Bose, a prominent nationalist leader.
Formation and Early History
The INA was founded by Mohan Singh after the fall of Singapore on February 15, 1942. Approximately 45,000 Indian prisoners of war (POWs) were gathered in Farrer Park. The Japanese military encouraged these POWs to join the INA. Mohan Singh called for the formation of an army to liberate India. Initially, the INA had support from the Japanese Empire.
Leadership of Subhas Chandra Bose
Subhas Chandra Bose became a central figure in the INA’s leadership. He believed in armed struggle as the only way to achieve independence. Bose was born in Bengal and educated at Calcutta and Cambridge Universities. After resigning from the Indian National Congress in 1939, he sought international support for India’s independence.
Bose’s Arrival in Japan
In January 1943, Bose was invited by the Japanese to lead the Indian nationalist movement in East Asia. He arrived in Tokyo on May 11, 1943, after a perilous submarine journey. Bose used radio broadcasts to rally Indians in Asia to join the fight for independence.
The Second Indian National Army
Under Bose’s leadership, the INA was restructured and expanded. The Provisional Government of Azad Hind was established, declaring war against the British and the Allies. This marked shift in the INA’s objectives, as it sought to become a legitimate military force.
Women in the INA
The Rani of Jhansi Regiment was formed as the women’s unit of the INA. Dr. Lakshmi Sehgal led this regiment. Women participated actively in the INA, defying traditional norms. The regiment trained in various military skills and played roles beyond combat, including nursing and fundraising.
Major Military Campaigns
The INA participated in several military campaigns during World War II.
- Arakan Campaign (January–February 1944): The INA participated in its first major operation, achieving initial success but eventually withdrawing due to resistance.
- Imphal-Kohima Campaign (March–June 1944): This campaign marked the largest Japanese offensive in Asia. The INA fought alongside Japanese forces but faced defeat.
- Burma Campaign (1944–1945): The INA continued to engage in battles in Burma, but the overall outcome was unfavourable.
Challenges Faced by the INA
The INA faced numerous challenges, including inadequate training and lack of resources. The army was under-armed and struggled with logistics. Disagreements between INA leaders and Japanese commanders further complicated its operations.
The Trials of the Red Fort
After World War II, around 23,000 INA soldiers were arrested and charged with treason. The trials began in November 1945 at the Red Fort in Delhi. The trials sparked widespread protests and became a symbol of the Indian struggle for independence.
Impact on Indian Nationalism
The INA’s actions and sacrifices resonated with the Indian populace. The bravery displayed by INA soldiers inspired a wave of nationalism. The British government realised that their hold on India was weakening. The trials of INA soldiers intensified anti-colonial sentiments across the country.
INA’s Legacy
The INA contributed to the narrative of Indian nationalism. Its formation and activities brought into light the desire for self-rule. The INA’s legacy persists in India’s collective memory as a symbol of resistance against colonial rule.
Slogans and Ideology
The INA’s motto encapsulated its ideals – “Unity, Faith, and Sacrifice.” These principles guided the soldiers in their quest for independence. The INA’s ideology promoted armed struggle as a means to achieve freedom.
Conclusion of the INA
The INA effectively disbanded after Japan’s defeat in 1945. Its soldiers faced numerous challenges, including dwindling resources and morale. Despite its military failures, the INA’s impact on Indian independence was deep.
Key Figures in the INA
Several individuals played crucial roles in the INA’s history:
- Subhas Chandra Bose: The leader who transformed the INA into a formidable force.
- Mohan Singh: The initial founder who brought together Indian POWs.
- Dr. Lakshmi Sehgal: The commander of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, advocating for women’s participation.
INA’s Military Structure
The INA was organised into various brigades and regiments, each named after prominent leaders and figures in Indian history. The structure aimed to encourage a sense of unity and purpose among the soldiers.
INA’s International Relations
The INA sought support from Axis powers, particularly Japan. However, as the war progressed, the relationship became strained. The INA’s reliance on Japanese assistance limited its operational independence.
Historical Significance of the INA
The INA’s significance extends beyond military actions. It symbolised the growing discontent against British rule. The INA’s legacy influenced subsequent movements for independence and shaped the course of Indian history.
Cultural Representation
The INA has been depicted in various forms of media, including literature, films, and documentaries. These representations highlight the sacrifices made by its soldiers and the broader struggle for independence.
Commemoration of the INA
Various memorials and institutions honour the contributions of the INA. These commemorations serve to educate future generations about the sacrifices made in the fight for freedom.
