Angstrom-Scale Chips

Recent advancements in semiconductor technology have sparked a proposal from a team of 30 scientists at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc). This initiative aims to develop ‘angstrom-scale’ chips, smaller than current production standards. The proposal marks the potential of 2D materials such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). These materials promise to revolutionise chip fabrication, moving beyond traditional silicon-based technologies.

Current Semiconductor Landscape

The global semiconductor industry is predominantly led by countries like the United States, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Currently, the smallest commercially available chips are produced at a 3-nanometer scale. This technology is primarily based on silicon, which is reaching its physical limits. The IISc proposal seeks to shift this paradigm by exploring new materials that can facilitate smaller chip sizes.

Proposal Details

The detailed project report (DPR) was initially presented in April 2022 and revised in October 2024. It has been shared with the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY). The project requests funding of Rs 500 crore over five years to develop indigenous semiconductor technology. This funding is modest compared to other large-scale semiconductor projects in India, such as the Tata Electronics initiative, which has a budget of Rs 91,000 crore.

Significance of 2D Materials

2D materials are considered crucial for the next generation of semiconductor technologies. They allow for chip fabrication at the angstrom scale, which is one-tenth the size of current nanometer-scale chips. The global interest in these materials is evident, with investments from Europe, South Korea, and other nations. The ability to utilise 2D materials could position India as a leader in semiconductor technology.

Government Support and Collaboration

The proposal has received positive feedback from MeitY. Meetings have been held to explore potential applications for this technology. The project aims to establish a roadmap for self-sustainability beyond the initial funding phase. The collaborative effort involves various governmental bodies, including the Department of Space and the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).

Challenges and Urgency

Despite the promising aspects of the proposal, challenges remain. India’s semiconductor sector is heavily reliant on foreign technology and expertise. The IISc initiative is seen as important step towards achieving self-sufficiency in semiconductor manufacturing. However, the urgency of execution is paramount as global competitors are rapidly advancing in 2D semiconductor research.

Future Outlook

The transition from traditional silicon-based semiconductor technology to 2D materials presents both opportunities and challenges. As countries prepare for a post-silicon era, India must act decisively to secure its position in the global semiconductor landscape. The IISc proposal represents a strategic move towards innovation and technological leadership.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the implications of India’s reliance on foreign semiconductor technology for its national security.
2. What are the potential economic impacts of developing indigenous semiconductor technologies in India? Discuss.
3. Explain the significance of 2D materials in the context of global semiconductor advancements.
4. What is the role of government support in encouraging innovation within the semiconductor sector? Provide examples.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the implications of India’s reliance on foreign semiconductor technology for its national security.

1. Dependency on foreign technology can lead to vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure.
2. National security risks arise from supply chain disruptions or geopolitical tensions.
3. Self-sufficiency in semiconductor manufacturing is essential for defense and technology sectors.
4. Foreign reliance limits India’s technological advancements and innovation capabilities.
5. Building indigenous technology can enhance national resilience and strategic autonomy.

2. What are the potential economic impacts of developing indigenous semiconductor technologies in India? Discuss.

1. Enhancing local semiconductor production can reduce import costs and trade deficits.
2. Creation of jobs in high-tech sectors can stimulate economic growth and innovation.
3. Indigenous technology can attract foreign investments and partnerships in research.
4. Strengthening the semiconductor industry can boost other sectors like electronics and automotive.
5. Economic independence in semiconductors can enhance India’s global competitiveness.

3. Explain the significance of 2D materials in the context of global semiconductor advancements.

1. 2D materials enable chip fabrication at angstrom scales, surpassing current nanometer technologies.
2. They offer improved electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties compared to traditional materials.
3. Global investments in 2D materials indicate a shift towards next-generation semiconductor technologies.
4. 2D materials can facilitate innovations in flexible electronics and high-performance computing.
5. Countries focusing on 2D materials are positioning themselves as leaders in future tech landscapes.

4. What is the role of government support in encouraging innovation within the semiconductor sector? Provide examples.

1. Government funding can provide essential capital for research and development initiatives.
2. Policies and incentives can attract private investments and encourage public-private partnerships.
3. Supportive regulations can create a conducive environment for innovation and growth.
4. Examples include the India Semiconductor Mission, which promotes local manufacturing and R&D.
5. Government collaboration with academia and industry can drive technological advancements.