India’s First Frozen Zoo

Darjeeling’s Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park has inaugurated India’s first frozen zoo. This facility aims to preserve the genetic material of endangered Himalayan species. It is a collaboration with the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology in Hyderabad. The frozen zoo will store DNA samples in liquid nitrogen at minus 196 degrees Celsius. This initiative seeks to protect species like red pandas and snow leopards from extinction.

What Is A Frozen Zoo?

A frozen zoo is a genetic cryobank. It stores genetic material such as DNA, sperm, eggs, and embryos from endangered animals. The primary aim is to maintain genetic diversity. This preservation is crucial for species facing extinction threats. The stored genetic material can be used for future breeding and conservation efforts.

How Is Genetic Preservation Achieved?

The preservation process involves collecting tissue samples from both captive and wild animals. This includes animals that die naturally or through accidents. A dedicated laboratory at the zoo handles the storage of gametes and DNA. Sampling occurs at minus 20 degrees Celsius. The bio-banking process is performed at minus 196 degrees Celsius. This two-step process began in July last year.

Future Applications of Stored Genetic Material

The preserved genetic material could facilitate assisted reproduction techniques. These techniques may include using surrogate mothers to revive endangered species. Other methods like artificial insemination and embryo transfer can also be employed. Such efforts are vital as habitats shrink and climate change impacts ecosystems.

Frozen Zoos Worldwide

Globally, there are fewer than a dozen frozen zoos. The first was established in 1975 by Kurt Benirschke in San Diego. This institute houses a collection of over 8,400 samples from around 800 species. Notably, the first successful inter-species transfer of a frozen embryo occurred in 1999. This involved an African wild cat kitten born to a domestic tabby cat.

Importance of Genetic Conservation

Genetic conservation is essential for maintaining biodiversity. It provides a safety net for species on the brink of extinction. Frozen zoos play a critical role in ensuring that future generations can benefit from the genetic diversity of these animals. This initiative also marks the importance of collaboration between zoos and research institutions.

Challenges in Genetic Preservation

Despite its advantages, genetic preservation faces challenges. Collecting sufficient samples can be difficult. There are also ethical considerations regarding the use of assisted reproductive technologies. Ensuring genetic viability over long periods is another concern.

Community and Global Impact

The establishment of India’s first frozen zoo has implications. It raises awareness about conservation efforts. It encourages communities to engage in protecting endangered species. This initiative can inspire similar projects globally.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the role of genetic conservation in preserving biodiversity.
2. What are the implications of climate change on wildlife habitats? Discuss with examples.
3. Point out the importance of collaboration between zoos and research institutions in conservation.
4. Estimate the potential impacts of assisted reproductive technologies on endangered species revival.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the role of genetic conservation in preserving biodiversity.

1. Genetic conservation helps maintain genetic diversity, crucial for species adaptability and survival.
2. It acts as a safeguard against extinction, especially for endangered species.
3. Frozen zoos store genetic material that can be used for future breeding programs.
4. Preservation techniques can restore populations and enhance resilience to environmental changes.
5. Collaboration between institutions enhances research and resource sharing for effective conservation.

2. What are the implications of climate change on wildlife habitats? Discuss with examples.

1. Climate change leads to habitat loss, altering ecosystems and threatening species survival.
2. For example, melting glaciers affect species like snow leopards that rely on cold environments.
3. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns disrupt food sources and breeding cycles.
4. Increased frequency of extreme weather events can destroy habitats and displace wildlife.
5. Adaptation strategies are essential to mitigate these impacts on vulnerable species.

3. Point out the importance of collaboration between zoos and research institutions in conservation.

1. Collaboration enhances scientific research and technological advancements in conservation efforts.
2. Zoos provide a controlled environment for studying species and conducting breeding programs.
3. Research institutions offer expertise in genetics, health, and conservation strategies.
4. Joint initiatives lead to better resource allocation and funding for conservation projects.
5. Such partnerships can raise public awareness and support for biodiversity preservation.

4. Estimate the potential impacts of assisted reproductive technologies on endangered species revival.

1. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) can increase genetic diversity through controlled breeding.
2. They enable the revival of species with dwindling populations by using stored genetic material.
3. Techniques like artificial insemination and embryo transfer can enhance breeding success rates.
4. ART can help reintroduce species into their natural habitats, aiding ecosystem restoration.
5. However, ethical considerations and long-term viability of such methods must be addressed.