India’s aspiration to emerge as a Great Power continues to shape its global strategy in 2025. Despite scepticism from some quarters, India’s progress reflects a unique trajectory distinct from other major powers. The interplay of history, diplomacy, and technology underpins India’s evolving role on the world stage.
and Global Perceptions
India faces criticism for perceived delusions about its Great Power status. Western narratives often compare India unfavourably to China and the United States. However, India’s ambitions are rooted in steady economic growth and civilisational strengths. Unlike China, India does not seek rapid military dominance or direct confrontation. The recent diplomatic engagements between India, China, and Russia show a preference for cooperation over conflict.
India’s Historical and Economic Foundations
India’s rise is built on a long history of overcoming challenges. From a famine-prone country at independence to a global food grain exporter, India’s economic transformation is notable. The Green Revolution played a key role. India prioritised economic development over military expansion in its early years. This foundation supports its current ambitions and global standing.
Non-Alignment and Moral Authority
Post-World War II, India pioneered the Non-Aligned Movement, advocating for independence from Cold War blocs. This positioned India as a moral authority and mediator in international relations. India’s balanced diplomacy earned respect, despite Western scepticism. This legacy influences India’s contemporary foreign policy, which carefully manages diverse alliances.
Relations with Major Powers
India’s ties with the United States have improved since 2000 but remain complex. The 2008 Civil Nuclear Agreement marked a milestone. Yet India’s continued reliance on Russian defence and energy supplies challenges U.S. expectations. India’s participation in the Quad signals strategic balancing. The India-China border dispute coexists with cooperation in multilateral forums like the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.
Technological Edge and Future Prospects
The new global contest centres on technological supremacy rather than traditional military power. India’s growing digital economy and IT expertise strengthen its position. Indian-origin professionals dominate Silicon Valley, reflecting India’s soft power. The future belongs to empires of the mind where data and innovation matter most. India’s investment in technology is a critical pillar of its Great Power ambitions.
Managing Contradictions and Strategic Autonomy
India’s ability to manage contradictions is a key strength. It balances relations with rival powers without fully aligning with any. This strategic autonomy stems from its civilisational experience. India’s approach contrasts with Western expectations of clear-cut alliances. This flexibility allows India to navigate global complexities while pursuing national interests.
Shifting Global Order and India’s Role
The global order is evolving with multipolarity gaining ground. India, China, and Russia form axis in Asia. Western dominance faces challenges from rising Asian civilisations. India’s steady ascent is part of this shift. It is less about overt power projection and more about influence through diplomacy, technology, and economic growth.
Questions for UPSC:
- Critically discuss the impact of the Non-Aligned Movement on India’s foreign policy during the Cold War and its relevance in contemporary geopolitics.
- Analyse the role of technological innovation in shaping India’s strategic autonomy and global influence in the 21st century.
- Examine the causes and consequences of the India-China border dispute. How does it affect regional security and bilateral relations?
- Estimate the implications of shifting global power dynamics on India’s economic development and diplomatic strategies in the next decade.
