India’s shipping sector is at a very important moment as the world intensifies efforts to combat climate change. Maritime transport contributes nearly 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions. These emissions could rise by 130% by 2050 without intervention. India’s extensive coastline and reliance on shipping for trade make green maritime solutions vital for its climate and economic goals.
Global Climate Targets and Shipping
The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) aims for net-zero emissions from international shipping by 2050. In 2023, it proposed a $100 per tonne carbon tax starting in 2027 to fund climate technology and support developing countries. India advocates for realistic goals that reflect developing nations’ challenges. It suggests net-zero fuels make up 5% of marine fuel by 2030. India also stresses fairness through the Common But Differentiated Responsibility and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC) principle. This approach seeks balanced climate action without harming developing economies’ trade competitiveness.
India’s Domestic Green Initiatives
India’s Sagarmala Programme improves port infrastructure and promotes coastal shipping, which is more fuel-efficient than road transport. Maritime India Vision 2030 introduces ‘Harit Sagar’ guidelines encouraging ports to use renewables, electrify operations, reduce water use, and adopt clean fuels. Several ports already generate surplus renewable energy. The government has designated corridors for zero-emission trucks, linking green logistics with port activities.
Clean Technologies and Fuel Innovations
India is piloting green hydrogen, ammonia, and electric-powered vessels and port equipment. Electric water taxis operate in cities like Varanasi and Guwahati. Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) plans hybrid electric Roll-on/Roll-off vessels using LNG and batteries. Private firms develop LNG-powered trucks emitting 30% less CO₂ than diesel versions, with plans for electric trucks and LNG infrastructure expansion. Scaling these technologies requires investment, policy clarity, and public-private cooperation. Globally, $28 billion per year is needed until 2050 for green shipping transition.
Sustainability as Economic Strength
Sustainable shipping boosts India’s global trade standing. Early adoption of green hydrogen and electric logistics positions India as a reliable, low-risk partner. Emerging trade rules like the EU’s carbon border adjustment mechanisms make sustainability essential for export competitiveness. India’s green maritime efforts could give its exporters an advantage in a future where environmental performance is key.
Questions for UPSC:
- Taking example of India’s maritime policies, discuss the role of sustainable infrastructure in achieving climate goals without compromising economic growth.
- Analyse the impact of International Maritime Organisation’s regulations on developing countries and how principles like Common But Differentiated Responsibility can ensure fairness.
- With suitable examples, discuss the challenges and opportunities in adopting green hydrogen and ammonia as alternative fuels in the transport sector.
- Critically discuss the significance of carbon border adjustment mechanisms in global trade and how they influence the environmental policies of emerging economies.
