India’s Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Efforts

India has made strides in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in recent years. According to the fourth Biennial Update Report submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), India’s total greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 fell by 7.93% compared to 2019. The report marks India’s commitment to decoupling economic growth from emissions while aiming for substantial reductions by 2030.

Current Emission Statistics

In 2020, India’s total greenhouse gas emissions reached 2,959 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e), excluding land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF). When including LULUCF, emissions decreased to 2,437 MtCO2e. Since 1994, total national emissions have increased by 98.34%.

Emission Intensity Decline

Between 2005 and 2020, the emission intensity of India’s GDP decreased by 36%. This indicates a reduction in greenhouse gases emitted per unit of economic output. The government’s target is to further reduce GDP emission intensity by 45% by 2030.

Non-Fossil Fuel Energy Goals

As of October 2024, non-fossil fuel-based power generation capacity in India stood at 46.52%. India aims to achieve 50% of its cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030. This is part of the country’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement.

Carbon Sink Initiatives

India has committed to creating an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes through forest and tree cover by 2030. From 2005 to 2021, India created an additional carbon sink of 2.29 billion tonnes, showcasing its efforts in environmental conservation.

Emission Sources

The main sources of greenhouse gas emissions in India include carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion, methane from livestock, and emissions from aluminium and cement production. The energy sector accounts for 75.66% of total emissions, followed by agriculture at 13.72%.

Per Capita Energy Consumption

Despite comprising 18% of the global population, India’s per capita primary energy consumption was only 25.4 gigajoules (GJ) in 2022. This is lower than the global average of 78 GJ and much less than the consumption in high-income countries.

Future Energy Needs

To meet developmental goals, India will need to increase its energy consumption. Balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability remains important challenge for the country.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Estimate the impact of India’s emission intensity reduction on its economic growth.
2. Critically discuss the role of non-fossil fuel energy sources in achieving India’s climate goals.
3. Examine the relationship between India’s energy consumption patterns and its greenhouse gas emissions.
4. Point out the challenges India faces in balancing developmental needs with environmental sustainability.

Answer Hints:

1. Estimate the impact of India’s emission intensity reduction on its economic growth.

1. Emission intensity reduction indicates improved energy efficiency in economic activities.
2. Lower emissions per GDP unit can attract foreign investment due to enhanced sustainability credentials.
3. It allows for economic growth without proportional increases in emissions, promoting green technology.
4. Improved air quality and environmental conditions can lead to better public health, enhancing productivity.
5. Meeting international climate commitments can improve India’s global standing and trade opportunities.

2. Critically discuss the role of non-fossil fuel energy sources in achieving India’s climate goals.

1. Non-fossil fuel sources help reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels.
2. India aims for 50% of its power generation from non-fossil sources, supporting the Paris Agreement targets.
3. Investment in renewables can create jobs and stimulate economic growth in the green sector.
4. Non-fossil fuels enhance energy security and reduce dependence on imported fossil fuels.
5. Challenges include technology costs, infrastructure development, and grid integration of renewable sources.

3. Examine the relationship between India’s energy consumption patterns and its greenhouse gas emissions.

1. High energy consumption from fossil fuels leads to increased carbon dioxide emissions.
2. India’s per capita energy consumption is low compared to global averages, indicating room for growth.
3. Energy-intensive sectors like industry and agriculture contribute to emissions.
4. Transitioning to cleaner energy sources can decouple growth from emissions, as seen in emission intensity reductions.
5. Efforts to improve energy efficiency can mitigate emissions while meeting rising energy demands.

4. Point out the challenges India faces in balancing developmental needs with environmental sustainability.

1. Rapid economic growth increases energy demand, leading to higher emissions if fossil fuels are used.
2. Infrastructure development often prioritizes short-term economic gains over long-term sustainability.
3. There is a need for investment in renewable energy technologies and grid upgrades.
4. Policy implementation can be hindered by regional disparities and differing local priorities.
5. Public awareness and participation are crucial for effective environmental conservation efforts.