Cross-border infiltration has emerged as a critical internal security issue for India by 2025. Prime Minister Narendra Modi, on 15 August 2025, emphasised the threat posed by illegal infiltrators who affect local economies, social harmony, and national security. The government’s response includes the launch of a Demographic Security Mission to counter this challenge effectively.
Historical Context of Internal Security Threats
In the early 2000s, India faced major internal security problems such as terrorism in Kashmir, Left-Wing Extremism (LWE), and insurgencies in the North-East. Over the years, these threats have declined. Naxal-affected districts fell from 182 in 2009 to 18 in 2025. Peace accords and improved infrastructure reduced insurgency in the North-East by nearly 90%. Kashmir remains tense despite relative calm after the 2019 abrogation of Article 370, with Pakistan’s ISI continuing to fuel unrest.
Shift to Cross-Border Infiltration
With traditional threats somewhat contained, illegal infiltration has become the foremost concern. Infiltration now impacts not only border states but also the Indian heartland. Migrants from Bangladesh and Myanmar have altered demographics in Assam, West Bengal, Tripura, and other North-Eastern states. The issue has extended into mainland states and major cities, increasing pressure on urban infrastructure and social services.
Socio-Political Impact
Illegal infiltration disrupts ethnic balances, leading to tensions over land, language, and identity. It fuels ethnic nationalism and communal friction. Political parties often adopt vote-bank strategies that encourage illegal settlements and the use of fake documents. This undermines trust in governance and compromises national security. The politicisation of the issue deepens social divisions and risks unrest in sensitive regions.
Economic Consequences
Infiltrators mostly work in informal sectors like agriculture, construction, and domestic labour. Their presence depresses wages and displaces local workers. Illegal migrants also engage in illicit activities such as cattle smuggling, narcotics trafficking, and fake currency circulation. This strengthens organised crime networks and threatens the formal economy. Public resources like healthcare and education face increased strain, impeding India’s development goals.
National Security Threats
Borders are vulnerable to new tactics by hostile actors. Punjab faces narco-terrorism with drones smuggling drugs and arms. Difficult terrain along the India-Myanmar border aids insurgent movements and infiltration. Cyber radicalisation and sleeper agents complicate detection. Arrests of militants near the Bangladesh-Meghalaya border suggest strategic exploitation of eastern frontiers by Pakistan’s ISI. Vast geography and local complicity hinder effective border control.
Government Response and Future Directions
The Demographic Security Mission aims to adopt a zero-tolerance policy on infiltration. Strengthening border fencing, surveillance, and citizen verification are priorities. Legal action against facilitators of fake documents is crucial. The ancient Arthashastra’s advice to fortify borders with loyal populations remains relevant. Protecting demographic integrity is essential for sovereignty and peace.
Questions for UPSC:
- Critically analyse the impact of demographic changes on internal security in India with suitable examples.
- Explain the role of political strategies in influencing illegal migration and its implications for national security.
- What are the challenges faced by India in securing its borders? How can technology and policy reforms address these challenges?
- With reference to India’s internal security, comment on the significance of integrating alienated communities and peace accords in conflict resolution.
