India’s Mangrove Restoration and Climate Initiatives

The Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats and Tangible Incomes (MISHTI) has restored over 22,000 hectares of degraded mangroves across 13 states and Union Territories. Launched on June 5, 2024, MISHTI aims to strengthen coastal ecosystems and enhance climate resilience. This initiative marks India’s commitment to combat climate change and protect biodiversity.

Overview of MISHTI

• MISHTI focuses on restoring mangrove ecosystems.
• Mangroves act as natural barriers against coastal erosion and provide vital habitats for marine life.
• The initiative has received funding of Rs 17.96 crore for restoring 3,836 hectares in six states.
• This restoration is crucial for sustaining coastal communities and biodiversity.

National Clean Air Programme

The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) aims for a 40% reduction in particulate matter by 2025-26. This programme addresses air quality issues in urban areas. It promotes collaborative efforts among states and local bodies to implement air pollution control measures.

Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam Initiative

The ‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam’ initiative encourages tree planting across India. As of January 2025, 109 crore saplings have been planted, with a target of 140 crores by March. This initiative enhances afforestation efforts and contributes to carbon sequestration.

Ramsar Wetlands Designation

India now boasts 89 Ramsar-designated wetlands, the largest network in Asia. Ramsar sites are crucial for biodiversity conservation. They play role in maintaining ecological balance and supporting livelihoods.

Forest and Tree Cover Statistics

India’s forest and tree cover has reached 25.17% of its total geographical area. This increase is attributed to extensive afforestation efforts and sustainable management practices. Healthy forests are vital for carbon storage and climate mitigation.

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)

India’s climate action is guided by its updated NDCs. The country aims for net-zero emissions by 2070. The NDCs outline commitments across various sectors, including renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, and water conservation.

Renewable Energy Capacity

As of October 2024, 46.52% of India’s installed electricity generation capacity comes from non-fossil sources. The total renewable energy capacity has reached 203.22 GW, marking increase since 2014. This shift supports India’s transition to a sustainable energy future.

Emission Intensity Reduction

India has successfully decoupled economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions. Between 2005 and 2020, the country reduced its emission intensity of GDP by 36%. This achievement demonstrates the effectiveness of climate policies in promoting sustainable development.

Carbon Sink Creation

From 2005 to 2021, India created an additional carbon sink of 2.29 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent. This accomplishment marks the balance between development needs and climate commitments.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Discuss the significance of mangrove restoration in combating climate change and enhancing coastal resilience.
2. Critically examine the impact of the National Clean Air Programme on urban air quality in India.
3. Explain the concept of Ramsar wetlands. How do they contribute to biodiversity conservation?
4. With suitable examples, discuss the relationship between economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions in India.

Answer Hints:

1. Discuss the significance of mangrove restoration in combating climate change and enhancing coastal resilience.

1. Mangroves act as natural barriers against coastal erosion, protecting shorelines from storm surges.
2. They sequester amounts of carbon dioxide, contributing to climate change mitigation.
3. Mangroves provide critical habitats for diverse marine species, supporting biodiversity.
4. Restoration efforts enhance the livelihoods of coastal communities reliant on fisheries and tourism.
5. Healthy mangrove ecosystems improve water quality and reduce the impacts of flooding.

2. Critically examine the impact of the National Clean Air Programme on urban air quality in India.

1. The NCAP aims for a 40% reduction in particulate matter by 2025-26, targeting major urban pollution sources.
2. It promotes collaboration among states and local bodies for effective air quality management.
3. Implementation of pollution control measures has shown improvements in air quality in some cities.
4. Challenges include inadequate monitoring, enforcement of regulations, and public awareness.
5. Long-term success depends on sustained political will and community involvement in air quality initiatives.

3. Explain the concept of Ramsar wetlands. How do they contribute to biodiversity conservation?

1. Ramsar wetlands are designated areas recognized under the Ramsar Convention for their ecological significance.
2. They support diverse ecosystems, providing habitats for numerous species, including migratory birds.
3. Wetlands play a critical role in water filtration, flood control, and carbon storage.
4. Conservation of Ramsar sites helps maintain ecological balance and supports local livelihoods.
5. India’s 89 Ramsar sites represent the largest network in Asia, enhancing regional biodiversity efforts.

4. With suitable examples, discuss the relationship between economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions in India.

1. India has reduced its emission intensity of GDP by 36% from 2005 to 2020, demonstrating decoupling.
2. Increased investment in renewable energy (203.22 GW capacity) supports sustainable economic growth.
3. Economic growth in sectors like IT and services has lower emissions compared to industrial sectors.
4. Policies promoting energy efficiency and cleaner technologies have encourageed growth without proportional emissions increases.
5. Challenges remain in high-emission sectors like transportation and agriculture, necessitating targeted interventions.