India recently extended the deadline for coal-fired power plants to install flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) units. This move has sparked debate due to concerns over air pollution and public health. Despite strict SO2 emission standards set in 2015, most plants have not complied. Independent research warns that selective use of scientific studies risks worsening air quality and health outcomes.
Background of SO2 Emission Standards
India introduced stringent sulphur dioxide emission limits for coal-based power plants in 2015. The goal was to reduce harmful SO2 emissions, which convert into fine particulate matter (PM2.5). These particles cause respiratory diseases and premature deaths. The initial compliance deadline was extended multiple times, with the latest extension pushing it to December 2027 for plants near large cities.
Current Compliance Status
Out of about 600 thermal power units, 92 per cent have yet to install FGDs. Plants in critically polluted areas will be reviewed individually, while many others have been exempted if they meet certain stack height criteria. The government cited techno-economic challenges, COVID-19 delays, and power ministry recommendations for the extensions.
Scientific Controversies and Criticism
The Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) criticised the selective use of studies by NEERI, NIAS, and IIT Delhi to justify delays. CREA argued that ambient SO2 measurements are misleading because they do not reflect emissions drifting or chemical transformations into PM2.5. SO2 norms apply to stack emissions, not ambient air levels. Using low ambient SO2 to oppose FGDs is scientifically incorrect.
Health and Environmental Impacts
Coal power plants caused an estimated 78,000 deaths in 2018, up from 47,000 in 2014. With plans to add 80-100 GW of coal capacity, health risks may rise. FGDs reduce SO2 emissions and PM2.5 pollution , improving air quality even up to 200 km away. Although FGDs slightly increase CO2 emissions, this rise is marginal compared to emissions from new coal plants.
Operational and Policy Considerations
Concerns about FGDs causing plant shutdowns are unfounded. NTPC data shows FGDs were installed during regular maintenance without extra downtime. Power plants contribute 12-16 per cent of PM2.5 pollution in winter and cross-boundary urban pollution. This is comparable to vehicle emissions, which faced strict regulation years ago. CREA advocates mandatory FGD installation nationwide to protect public health.
Future Outlook on Emission Control
Delays in FGD installation mean continued exposure to toxic air for millions. The long-range impact of SO2 emissions demands a uniform approach to pollution control. Strengthening enforcement and accelerating FGD rollout are critical steps. Coal-fired power plants remain a major pollution source requiring urgent action.
Questions for UPSC:
- Point out the environmental and health impacts of sulphur dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants in India.
- Underline the challenges and policy responses related to air pollution control in India’s thermal power sector.
- Critically analyse the role of scientific studies in shaping environmental regulations and public health policies in India, with suitable examples.
- Estimate the implications of expanding coal power capacity on India’s climate change commitments and air quality management.
