India is experiencing urban transformation. By the 2030s, it is expected to have the largest urban population globally. This change is driven by policies initiated after the liberalisation of the 1990s. The central government has played a vital role through various urban missions. However, the effectiveness of these missions is often questioned.
Historical Context of Urbanisation
Urbanisation in India began accelerating post-1991. The liberalisation policy opened up the economy. It encouraged migration from rural to urban areas. This shift led to increased demand for housing and infrastructure. Urban missions were launched to manage this growth.
Role of the Central Government
Urban development is primarily a State subject in India. However, the central government has influence. Various schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana aim to improve urban living conditions. These schemes often come with conditions that shape local governance.
Top-Down Approach to Urban Planning
The central government adopts a top-down approach in urban planning. This method prioritises financial modalities and administrative structures. It often overlooks local needs and contexts. As a result, States have limited flexibility to adapt to their unique urban challenges.
Financial Implications of Urban Development
Cities are seen as engines of economic growth. The central government allocates substantial budgets for urban infrastructure. However, funding is often conditional. This limits the ability of local governments to address specific urban issues effectively.
Diverse Urbanisation Patterns
Urbanisation varies across Indian States. Southern States like Kerala and Karnataka exhibit a rural-urban continuum. In contrast, Gujarat faces distinct urban challenges with wealth concentration. Each region has unique needs that require tailored solutions.
Need for Localised Solutions
A one-size-fits-all approach to urban development is ineffective. Some cities have adequate housing while others face shortages. Similarly, sanitation needs differ across regions. Local governments must identify and prioritise their specific requirements.
Rethinking Financial Devolution
A shift in financial devolution is necessary. Direct transfers to State and local governments can enhance local governance. This approach allows cities to prioritise investments based on their unique challenges. It promotes accountability and responsiveness.
Importance of Community Engagement
Community involvement is crucial for effective urban governance. Local governments can better address citizen needs. Central missions often fail to connect with local realities. A fundamental redesign of urban missions is essential for meaningful transformation.
Questions for UPSC:
- Examine the impact of urbanisation on India’s economic growth and social structure.
- Critically discuss the role of the central government in shaping urban policies in India.
- Analyse the significance of local governance in addressing urban challenges in India.
- Estimate the potential consequences of a top-down approach in urban planning on citizen engagement.