Iran’s Proposed Capital Relocation to Makran Region

Iran is considering relocating its capital from Tehran to the Makran region in Sistan and Baluchestan Province. This decision arises from Tehran’s escalating problems, including overpopulation, water scarcity, and air pollution. The Makran region, located near the Gulf of Oman, presents strategic advantages that could enhance Iran’s trade capabilities. Government officials have indicated that while the relocation is not urgent, a comprehensive analysis is necessary to address Tehran’s environmental challenges.

Reasons for Relocation

Tehran’s population is projected to increase in the coming decades. This growth could reach 20 million, making urban management increasingly difficult. The city faces severe air pollution and water shortages. Additionally, Tehran is situated in an earthquake-prone area, with many buildings failing to meet safety standards. These factors have prompted discussions about relocating the capital to a more sustainable location.

Strategic Importance of Makran

The Makran region is seen as an untapped resource for Iran. Its coastal location offers potential for commercial and maritime development. The government aims to transform Makran into a trade corridor connecting Central Asia to the Indian Ocean. The Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone is project aimed at boosting economic activity in the area.

Financial Considerations

Relocating the capital will involve substantial costs and logistical challenges. Critics argue that the financial burden could lead to economic collapse in Tehran. Estimates suggest that the relocation could take decades and cost hundreds of billions of dollars. Supporters believe the investment is necessary for sustainable development.

Historical Context

Tehran has been the capital of Iran since 1796. Its selection was strategic, allowing proximity to the Caucasus territories. Over the years, the capital has shifted multiple times, reflecting the changing political landscape. The city has historical landmarks, including royal complexes and modern structures, which highlight its cultural heritage.

Challenges Ahead

Opponents of the relocation plan cite concerns over the economic impact and logistical feasibility. There are fears that the transition could destabilise Tehran’s economy, with long-term repercussions. Additionally, the environmental issues in Tehran need urgent attention, regardless of the relocation decision.

Future Prospects

The Iranian government has formed councils to evaluate the feasibility of moving the capital. There is a focus on developing a sea-based economy in Makran. The outcome of these analyses will determine the viability of the relocation and its potential benefits for Iran.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Examine the environmental challenges faced by urban centres in developing countries.
2. Discuss the historical significance of capital cities in shaping national identity with suitable examples.
3. Analyse the economic implications of relocating a capital city in the context of Iran’s proposed move.
4. Critically discuss the role of strategic geographical locations in enhancing trade capabilities of nations.

Answer Hints:

1. Examine the environmental challenges faced by urban centres in developing countries.

1. Overpopulation leads to increased waste generation and pollution.
2. Water scarcity is exacerbated by climate change and mismanagement.
3. Air pollution from industrial activities and vehicular emissions poses health risks.
4. Inadequate infrastructure struggles to cope with rapid urbanization.
5. Vulnerability to natural disasters, such as earthquakes and floods, complicates urban planning.

2. Discuss the historical significance of capital cities in shaping national identity with suitable examples.

1. Capital cities often reflect the political power and cultural heritage of a nation.
2. Examples include Washington D.C. symbolizing democracy and Paris as a center of art and culture.
3. Historical capitals can influence national narratives, such as Kyoto in Japan.
4. Shifts in capitals (like Istanbul to Ankara) can signify political changes or modernization efforts.
5. Capitals serve as focal points for national celebrations and memorials, reinforcing unity.

3. Analyse the economic implications of relocating a capital city in the context of Iran’s proposed move.

1. Relocation can involve costs, potentially straining national resources.
2. It may disrupt existing economic activities in the current capital, impacting livelihoods.
3. A new capital could stimulate economic development in underutilized regions like Makran.
4. Long-term benefits might include improved resource management and reduced urban congestion.
5. Economic diversification could reduce reliance on oil and enhance trade capabilities.

4. Critically discuss the role of strategic geographical locations in enhancing trade capabilities of nations.

1. Proximity to trade routes (like the Gulf of Oman) can facilitate international commerce.
2. Coastal regions often provide natural harbors, crucial for maritime trade.
3. Geographical advantages can attract foreign investment and boost local economies.
4. Strategic locations can enhance regional connectivity, as seen with the Chabahar Free Trade Zone.
5. Effective utilization of geographical strengths can lead to economic resilience and growth.