The recent allegations against the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), accused by Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch of using white phosphorus munitions in Gaza and Lebanon, have reignited discussions on the use, characteristics, and legality of this volatile substance. This article delves into the matter in depth.
Understanding White Phosphorus
White phosphorus is a pyrophoric substance, spontaneously igniting when exposed to oxygen and generating smoke and intense heat of 815 degrees Celsius. These characteristics have led to its use in various military applications, particularly as a smokescreen to hide troop movements. Additionally, it is known to interfere with infrared optics and weapons tracking systems, further enhancing its military utility.
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS)
According to the GHS, an internationally agreed-upon system that standardizes chemical hazard classification and communication, white phosphorus is classified under “Pyrophoric solids, category 1”. This category includes substances that ignite “spontaneously” on air exposure, making white phosphorus one of the most unstable pyrophoric substances.
The Role of Military and its Effects
The IDF uses white phosphorus dispersed in artillery shells, bombs, and rockets and can also be delivered through felt wedges soaked in the chemical. Notably, U.S. forces used white phosphorus munitions during the second battle of Fallujah in Iraq in 2004. The substance, however, is not without its detriments. It can cause severe burns upon exposure, often reaching down to the bone. Additionally, it may cause respiratory problems and could damage infrastructures, crops, and livestock due to fires, especially in windy conditions.
Background and Legal Status of Phosphorus Munitions
Dating back to their first use by Irish nationalists in the late 19th century, white phosphorus munitions have a long history, witnessing use during World War II and more recent conflicts like Nagorno-Karabakh. While there isn’t a blanket ban on these munitions, their use is regulated under International Humanitarian Law (IHL). They are not categorized as chemical weapons since they primarily produce heat and smoke, rather than toxicity. Their utilization is governed by the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW), particularly Protocol III dealing with incendiary weapons.
Key Takeaways from the UPSC Civil Services Examination
This topic of white phosphorus munitions has been featured in previous years’ questions of the UPSC Civil Services Examination. The examination has covered aspects related to organizations responsible for prohibition of chemical weapons, various multinational export control regimes, and the specific differences between arrangements like the Australia Group and the Wassenaar Arrangement.
As the recent allegations against IDF show, the use of white phosphorus in conflict zones remains a contentious issue. Understanding its properties, military uses, and legal regulations can provide a broader perspective on this debate.
