The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has recently partnered with the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) to develop Radio thermoelectric generators (RTGs), a cutting-edge solution aimed at overcoming the limitations of conventional chemical engines for trips between planets. Although chemical engines work efficiently for satellite thrusters, their use for deep space expeditions is impeded by fuel constraints and the absence of solar power in remote areas. RTGs have been used successfully by American spacecraft such as Voyager, Cassini, and Curiosity, powering missions that have achieved remarkable successes.
Unpacking the Radio Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs)
RTGs are unique power sources built to tackle the obstacles inherent in deep space ventures. These devices use radioactive materials like Plutonium-238 or Strontium-90, which generate heat as they decay over time. This thermal energy is captured and transformed into electrical energy, supplying the propulsion needs and power demands of spacecraft.
The Key Components of RTGs
The components of an RTG include a Radioisotope Heater Unit (RHU) and an RTG device for heat-to-electricity conversion.
1. The RHU is tasked with producing heat by allowing radioactive materials to decay. This process commences with the release of thermal energy, which forms the base for generating electricity.
2. The RTG component converts the heat produced by the RHU into usable electricity. This transformation occurs through a thermocouple, a substance that generates voltage when exposed to a temperature gradient. The voltage generated by the thermocouple is used to charge batteries on the spacecraft. These batteries subsequently power various systems, including propulsion mechanisms, facilitating interplanetary travel.
The Benefits of Using RTGs for Space Missions
RTGs have several advantages for space missions:
1. Unlike solar-powered systems, RTGs continue to work efficiently irrespective of the spacecraft’s distance from the sun. This feature eliminates restrictions relating to launch windows and planetary alignment.
2. They provide a consistent and reliable power source, essential for supporting extended deep space missions. The slow decay of radioactive materials guarantees a continuous supply of heat and electricity.
The Role of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
Located in Mumbai, Maharashtra, BARC is India’s leading nuclear research facility. It is a multi-disciplinary research center boasting extensive infrastructure for advanced research and development. Its main responsibility is to maintain peaceful applications of nuclear energy, primarily for power generation. The collaboration between ISRO and BARC in developing RTGs symbolizes a significant milestone in India’s journey towards exploring deep space possibilities.