ISRO’s Successful CE20 Cryogenic Engine Ignition Trial

On February 8, 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) announced milestone in its Gaganyaan mission. The organisation successfully conducted an ignition trial of the indigenous CE20 cryogenic engine. This trial took place under vacuum conditions, simulating the engine’s performance in space. The test was executed at the High Altitude Test Facility in Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu, on February 7, 2025.

Overview of the CE20 Cryogenic Engine

The CE20 engine is a vital component of ISRO’s LVM3 launch vehicle. It powers the upper stage and is crucial for missions requiring high thrust. This engine operates in the cryogenic phase, utilising liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen as propellants. The engine is designed to achieve thrust levels between 19 tonnes and 22 tonnes.

Significance of the Ignition Trial

The ignition trial tested the engine’s performance using a multi-element igniter. This igniter is essential for starting the engine under vacuum conditions. The successful ignition indicates that the CE20 engine is ready for the demands of the Gaganyaan mission. Restarting a cryogenic engine is complex. This trial was a critical step in ensuring reliability during space missions.

Testing Conditions and Methodology

The test was conducted in a controlled environment that mimicked space conditions. The ignition involved maintaining tank pressure levels similar to those expected during actual flight. This approach ensures that the engine can restart effectively under varying conditions. The trial aimed to assess the performance of the engine and the test facility, both of which met expectations.

Future Developments and Research

ISRO is exploring innovative methods for restarting the CE20 engine. One approach involves initiating turbopumps in bootstrap mode. This method allows both the thrust chamber and gas generator to re-ignite under specific tank head conditions. Such advancements aim to enhance the capacity for multiple engine restarts during a single flight.

Previous Tests and Qualifications

Prior to this trial, ISRO conducted ground tests of the CE20 engine. These earlier tests were essential for qualifying the engine for the Gaganyaan mission. The engine has already demonstrated its capability for a single start during previous evaluations.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the significance of cryogenic technology in modern space missions.
2. Estimate the challenges faced by ISRO in developing indigenous space technologies.
3. What are the primary differences between cryogenic and non-cryogenic engines? Discuss their applications.
4. Point out the implications of successful crewed missions for India’s position in global space exploration.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the significance of cryogenic technology in modern space missions.

1. Cryogenic engines provide higher efficiency and specific impulse compared to traditional engines.
2. They enable heavier payloads to be placed in orbit, enhancing mission capabilities.
3. Cryogenic technology supports deep space missions and interplanetary exploration.
4. It allows for multiple engine restarts, crucial for complex mission profiles.
5. Countries investing in cryogenic technology gain strategic advantages in space exploration.

2. Estimate the challenges faced by ISRO in developing indigenous space technologies.

1. ISRO faces technological challenges in developing advanced propulsion systems like cryogenic engines.
2. There is a need for extensive testing and validation to ensure reliability and safety.
3. Budget constraints can limit research and development efforts for indigenous technologies.
4. ISRO competes with established global space agencies, requiring constant innovation.
5. Human resource development and retaining skilled engineers in the field is a challenge.

3. What are the primary differences between cryogenic and non-cryogenic engines? Discuss their applications.

1. Cryogenic engines use liquid hydrogen and oxygen, while non-cryogenic engines typically use kerosene and oxygen.
2. Cryogenic engines provide higher thrust and efficiency, making them suitable for heavy payload launches.
3. Non-cryogenic engines are simpler and cheaper, often used for smaller satellites and initial launch phases.
4. Cryogenic engines are essential for deep space missions and crewed flights due to their performance.
5. Non-cryogenic engines are widely used in many launch vehicles and are easier to handle and store.

4. Point out the implications of successful crewed missions for India’s position in global space exploration.

1. Successful crewed missions enhance India’s credibility and reputation in the global space community.
2. They signify technological advancements and self-reliance in advanced space capabilities.
3. India can collaborate more effectively with other nations on international space missions.
4. Successful missions can boost investment in India’s space sector and inspire future generations.
5. They position India as a potential leader in crewed space exploration in Asia.