The unification of Italy in the 19th century was a pivotal moment in European history, marked by political intrigue, warfare, and the efforts of key figures striving for a single, unified nation. The process, known as the Risorgimento, involved a series of events that led to the merging of various states into what is now modern Italy. Central to this movement were the actions of Victor Emmanuel II, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Count Camillo di Cavour.
Victor Emmanuel II’s Early Moves
In March 1860, Victor Emmanuel II, then King of Sardinia, took significant steps towards Italian unification. He agreed to the demands of Napoleon III by ceding the regions of Nice and Savoy, which helped to placate France. Subsequently, Victor Emmanuel responded to the popular will by incorporating these territories into the Kingdom of Sardinia. This strategic move was an early indication of the King’s commitment to a larger, unified Italy.
Garibaldi’s Campaign in the South
The unification campaign gained momentum with the daring exploits of Giuseppe Garibaldi, a revered figure in the quest for a united Italy. In 1860, Garibaldi, with the support of his legendary “Red Shirts” and the tacit assistance of Mazzini and Cavour, successfully invaded Sicily. His military campaign was characterized by swift conquests and the garnering of popular support. After securing Sicily, Garibaldi crossed to mainland Italy and captured Naples. His next target was Rome, but events would soon take a different turn.
Cavour’s Diplomatic Maneuvers
Count Camillo di Cavour, the shrewd Prime Minister of Sardinia, played a crucial role in the unfolding political drama. Utilizing an insurrection in Rome as leverage, Cavour secured Napoleon III’s permission to occupy the Papal States, with the exception of Rome. This occupation was a strategic victory, placing most of the central Italian territories under Sardinian influence.
Unification Under Victor Emmanuel II
The stage was set for the final act of unification when Garibaldi, upon meeting Victor Emmanuel II in Naples, willingly handed over control of the conquered territories. This act of selflessness by Garibaldi allowed Victor Emmanuel II to take the reins and move toward the ultimate goal of unification. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of Italy, and the first Italian Parliament convened in Turin, marking the formal beginning of a unified Italian state. However, the regions of Venetia and Rome remained outside the new kingdom, still under Austrian control and Papal authority, respectively.
The Annexation of Venetia and Rome
Despite the significant progress made, complete unification was not yet achieved. Venetia was under Austrian rule, and Rome was an independent entity under the Pope, protected by French troops. It would take two additional wars, involving international forces, before Venetia and Rome could be incorporated into Italy. Unfortunately, Cavour did not live to witness the full realization of a united Italy, as he died in 1861, the same year the first Italian Parliament met.
Questions for UPSC
– How did the diplomatic strategies of Victor Emmanuel II and Cavour contribute to the unification of Italy?
– What role did popular sentiment play in the actions of Garibaldi and the eventual acceptance of a unified Italy?
– In what ways did international relations and external powers influence the course and outcome of the Italian unification?