Jean-Jacques Rousseau, an influential philosopher of the 18th century, is known for his profound impact on political philosophy and his controversial views on civilization. His stance on human nature and civilization sparked widespread debate and made him a notable figure in the intellectual circles of his time.
Rousseau’s Stance on Human Nature and Civilization
Rousseau challenged the prevailing view of his time by arguing that humans were inherently good and that it was civilization that corrupted them. This radical idea was presented in his essay, which quickly brought him fame and notoriety. The common belief that Rousseau’s complete philosophy revolved around a simplistic call to return to nature does not capture the complexity of his thoughts. This misconception likely stems from the overemphasis on his initial essay.
Discours sur l’origine de l’inégalité des hommes
In 1754, Rousseau published one of his most significant and audacious works, “Discours sur l’origine de l’inégalité des hommes” (Discourse on the Origin of Inequality). This philosophical essay delved deeper into his ideas about human nature and social constructs. Following this publication, Rousseau made a pivotal personal decision to return to Geneva, convert back to Protestantism to reclaim his citizenship, and subsequently returned to Paris as a citizen of Geneva.
Rousseau’s Life at Montmorency
During his time in Paris, Madame d’Epinay offered Rousseau a cottage called the Hermitage on her Montmorency estate. However, Rousseau’s stay there was marred by conflicts with Madame d’Epinay, Denis Diderot, and Friedrich Melchior Grimm, whom he accused of plotting against him. These disputes led him to leave the Hermitage and seek refuge with the Duke de Luxembourg, also located in Montmorency.
Literary and Philosophical Works at Montmorency
While under the Duke de Luxembourg’s patronage, Rousseau completed several important works. Among these was his novel “Julie, ou La Nouvelle Heloise” (1761), influenced in part by his affection for Madame d’Houdetot, Madame d’Epinay’s sister-in-law. He also penned “Lettre a d’Alembert sur les spectacles” (1758), a polemic response to the idea that Geneva would benefit from having a theater. Additionally, Rousseau wrote “Du contrat social” (The Social Contract, 1762) and “Emile” (1762), both of which stirred controversy. These latter works challenged religious and civil authorities, resulting in them being burned in Paris and Geneva.
Questions for UPSC
1. How did Rousseau’s views on human nature and civilization differ from the mainstream beliefs of his time?
2. What were the implications of Rousseau’s return to Protestantism and Geneva citizenship on his philosophical work and personal life?
3. In what ways did Rousseau’s works challenge the ecclesiastical and political establishments, and what were the consequences of these challenges?