In the recent times, findings from a research conducted in Karnataka have brought into light the inefficiency of the human-leopard policy guidelines. Despite introduction by the Government of India in April 2011, these directives haven’t been able to curb the rising human-leopard conflict; nor have they been able to deter the translocation of these wild animals. The guidelines were primarily designed to handle emergency situations and propose enhanced means of diminishing discord with leopards.
Key Findings of the Karnataka Study
For a detailed understanding, let’s delve into the significant discoveries of this study. A noticeable surge was observed in the number of leopard captures, with average monthly captures increasing from 1.5 to 4.6 since 2011. Similarly, there was a threefold increase in the number of leopards translocated per month, escalating from 1 to 3.5. We define translocation as the controlled relocation of local flora and fauna from one site to another.
Primary Reasons for Leopard Capture and Translocation
Several causes compelled the respective authorities to capture and translocate leopards. Among them, livestock predation was the most recurring reason, responsible for 38.1% of the instances. Subsequent reasons were rescuing leopards from snares and wells (15.7%), managing the apprehension triggered by leopard sightings in human settlements (13.7%), extracting leopards from residential areas (10.9%), addressing human injuries (4.5%), and dealing with cases resulting in human fatalities (2%).
Recent Studies and Statistics about Leopards in India
Another recent report from TRAFFIC India on the ‘common leopards’ (Panthera pardus fusca) revealed alarming statistics. Between 2015 and 2019, 747 leopard fatalities were recorded, with 596 attributable to illicit wildlife trade and poaching activities. In a positive move, the Government of India initiated the First National Protocol on Snow Leopard Population Assessment in 2019 to commemorate International Snow Leopard Day on 23rd October. Additionally, in 2014, India conducted a national survey of leopards around tiger habitats, excluding the northeast region. The study estimated 7,910 leopards in surveyed areas, hinting at a national total of between 12,000 and 14,000.
About the Common Leopard (Panthera pardus)
Common Leopards are found extensively in sub-Saharan Africa, limited regions of Western and Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast and East Asia. The Indian leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) is particularly wide-ranging on the Indian subcontinent.
The Threats and Conservation Status
The threats facing the common leopard, among others, include habitat loss, fragmentation, illegal trade of skins and body parts, and persecution due to conflict situations. Their conservation status as per the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List is ‘Vulnerable’. They are also listed in Appendix I under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). Furthermore, the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 recognizes them under Schedule I.
Through this factual representation of the current scenario, there’s an emphasis on the need for more efficient policies and practices to address the growing human-leopard conflict. The existence of these magnificent creatures depends largely on our ability to adapt and coexist responsibly while securing their habitats.