Kerala Faces Extreme Heat Amid Climate Concerns

Kerala is experiencing unprecedented heat as summer approaches. The state is grappling with soaring temperatures attributed to the lingering effects of the El Niño phenomenon. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has reported alarming temperature increases, especially in the northern districts. These changes raise concerns regarding climate trends and their long-term impacts on the region.

Current Climate Situation

January 2025 has seen record-breaking temperatures in Kerala. Kannur and Kottayam recorded highs of 36.6°C and 36.5°C respectively. The IMD warns that this trend may persist, leading to exceptionally hot conditions throughout the summer. Historically, high temperatures were confined to March and April, but recent years have shown an alarming shift.

Impact on Agriculture

Agricultural practices in Kerala are severely affected by rising temperatures. Cropping cycles are disrupted, particularly during critical flowering and fertilisation stages. For instance, paddy crops, which usually mature in 120 days, now take approximately 160 days. This delay increases the risk of yield losses. Vegetable flowering seasons are also affected, resulting in reduced harvests. Farmers are struggling with unpredictable weather patterns, complicating their ability to adapt.

Urban Heat Island Effect

Urban areas in Kerala are experiencing intensified heat due to the urban heat island effect. This phenomenon occurs when cities become warmer than surrounding rural areas due to human activity and dense infrastructure. The increase in temperatures has led to a rise in heat-related illnesses, such as heatstroke and dehydration. Poor air quality, worsened by high temperatures and traffic emissions, has further escalated respiratory illnesses.

Health Advisories and Precautions

In response to extreme heat, the Kerala State Disaster Management Authority (KSDMA) has issued advisories. Outdoor workers are urged to take precautions against heat-related illnesses. Farmers are advised to work during cooler hours to minimise sun exposure. Vulnerable groups, including children and the elderly, are encouraged to avoid direct sunlight from 11 am to 3 pm. Staying hydrated is emphasised as crucial during this period.

Future Projections

The IMD has indicated that higher temperatures are expected to continue across all districts. January 2024 marked the highest January temperatures on record for Kerala. With these patterns likely to repeat, future summers may bring even more extreme heat. The increasing frequency of heatwaves poses risks to both the environment and livelihoods in Kerala.

Tourism Dynamics

While most of Kerala swelters, Munnar, a hill town, is experiencing cooler temperatures. This contrast attracts tourists seeking relief from the heat. Munnar has recorded temperatures as low as zero degrees Celsius, providing a stark contrast to the rest of the state. However, the overall trend indicates a challenging future for tourism as climate conditions evolve.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Discuss the impact of climate change on agricultural productivity in Kerala.
2. Critically examine the relationship between urbanisation and the urban heat island effect in the context of Kerala.
3. Explain the role of the India Meteorological Department in climate monitoring and disaster management.
4. With suitable examples, discuss the socio-economic implications of extreme weather patterns on vulnerable populations in Kerala.

Answer Hints:

1. Discuss the impact of climate change on agricultural productivity in Kerala.

1. Rising temperatures disrupt cropping cycles, particularly during flowering and fertilisation stages.
2. Paddy crops now take longer to mature (160 days instead of 120), increasing yield loss risks.
3. Vegetable harvests are reduced due to erratic flowering seasons caused by temperature fluctuations.
4. Farmers face challenges adapting to unpredictable weather patterns, complicating agricultural planning.
5. Increased heat and humidity lead to higher pest and disease prevalence, further threatening productivity.

2. Critically examine the relationship between urbanisation and the urban heat island effect in the context of Kerala.

1. Urban areas in Kerala are experiencing higher temperatures than rural surroundings due to dense infrastructure.
2. Human activities, such as transportation and industrial processes, contribute to increased heat retention in cities.
3. Higher temperatures exacerbate health issues, including heat-related illnesses and respiratory diseases.
4. Urban heat islands intensify energy demand for cooling, straining resources and increasing costs.
5. Mitigation strategies, such as green spaces and reflective materials, are essential to combat this effect.

3. Explain the role of the India Meteorological Department in climate monitoring and disaster management.

1. The IMD provides critical weather forecasts and climate data essential for disaster preparedness.
2. It monitors temperature trends and issues warnings regarding extreme weather events, such as heatwaves.
3. IMD collaborates with local authorities to develop advisories for vulnerable populations and sectors.
4. It plays a key role in research and analysis of climate patterns to inform policy and adaptation strategies.
5. Public outreach and education initiatives help raise awareness about climate risks and safety measures.

4. With suitable examples, discuss the socio-economic implications of extreme weather patterns on vulnerable populations in Kerala.

1. Extreme heat affects agricultural productivity, impacting food security and farmers’ livelihoods.
2. Vulnerable groups, such as the elderly and children, face higher health risks from heat-related illnesses.
3. Increased healthcare costs burden low-income families, exacerbating poverty and inequality.
4. Disrupted agricultural cycles lead to fluctuating market prices, affecting the income stability of farmers.
5. Tourism, a key economic sector, may decline due to extreme weather, impacting local economies reliant on visitors.