Khalistan Movement and Its Impact in the UK

The Khalistan movement, advocating for an independent Sikh state, has gained renewed attention following recent protests in London. On March 5, 2025, a security breach occurred during an event attended by India’s External Affairs Minister, S. Jaishankar. Protestors waving Khalistan flags attempted to approach his vehicle, denoting the ongoing tensions surrounding the movement within the Sikh diaspora in the UK. This incident puts stress on the historical and contemporary significance of Khalistani activism in Britain.

Historical Context of Sikh Migration

Sikhs have been present in the UK since the mid-19th century. The population grew after World War II, driven by labour shortages and the Partition of India. The 2021 UK census recorded approximately 525,865 Sikhs, making them the second-largest Sikh diaspora globally. The majority reside in the West Midlands and Greater London, where community cohesion is often linked to the Khalistan movement.

Rise of the Khalistan Movement

The Khalistan movement began to take shape in the late 1960s, gaining momentum in the 1980s. Jagjit Singh Chohan emerged as a key figure, advocating for Sikh autonomy and later for Khalistan after relocating to the UK in 1970. His activism included establishing the Council of Khalistan and rallying support among the diaspora. The movement intensified following Operation Blue Star in 1984, which saw a military assault on the Golden Temple, a sacred site for Sikhs.

Khalistani Activism in the UK

Khalistani groups have used gurdwaras as platforms for political activism. These institutions serve as community hubs where pro-Khalistan sentiments are nurtured. Various organisations, including the Khalistan Council and Sikhs for Justice, continue to advocate for Khalistan, often conducting referendums to gauge support. However, the legitimacy of these referendums has been questioned by experts.

Radicalisation and Security Concerns

The Government of India has raised alarms about the radicalisation of Sikh youth in UK gurdwaras. Reports indicate that some youth receive training in making Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs). This has led to increased scrutiny of gurdwaras and Khalistani organisations, with concerns over their influence on younger generations.

Contemporary Challenges

Despite the decline of the Khalistan movement in India by the mid-1990s, its legacy persists in the diaspora. The movement’s ability to mobilise support in the UK remains strong, often leading to tensions with Indian authorities. Recent protests and the ongoing activism of groups like Sikhs for Justice highlight the complexities of identity, nationalism, and diaspora politics.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the socio-political factors contributing to the emergence of the Khalistan movement in the UK.
2. What are the implications of diaspora activism on domestic politics in India? Discuss with suitable examples.
3. Explain the role of gurdwaras in shaping the identity of Sikh communities in the UK and their influence on the Khalistan movement.
4. Comment on the impact of historical events, such as Operation Blue Star, on the Sikh diaspora’s perception of India. How does this influence contemporary activism?

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the socio-political factors contributing to the emergence of the Khalistan movement in the UK.

1. Historical migration patterns post-World War II led to Sikh population in the UK.
2. Political disenfranchisement and perceived injustices faced by Sikhs in India fueled separatist sentiments.
3. The presence of influential leaders like Jagjit Singh Chohan galvanized support for Khalistan among the diaspora.
4. Gurdwaras served as community hubs, encouraging a sense of identity and political activism.
5. Global geopolitical dynamics, including Pakistan’s support for Khalistani movements, contributed to the movement’s persistence.

2. What are the implications of diaspora activism on domestic politics in India? Discuss with suitable examples.

1. Activism in the diaspora can amplify calls for autonomy or independence, influencing domestic political discourse.
2. Protests and advocacy from abroad can lead to diplomatic tensions between India and host countries.
3. Instances like the Khalistan referendum highlight how diaspora actions can challenge India’s sovereignty narratives.
4. Domestic political parties may leverage diaspora sentiments for electoral gains, complicating internal politics.
5. Increased radicalization concerns can lead to stricter measures against communities perceived as threats.

3. Explain the role of gurdwaras in shaping the identity of Sikh communities in the UK and their influence on the Khalistan movement.

1. Gurdwaras act as cultural and religious centers, reinforcing Sikh identity and community cohesion.
2. They provide a platform for political discourse and mobilization around the Khalistan movement.
3. Educational programs in gurdwaras can influence youth perceptions of Sikh history and identity.
4. Gurdwaras often host events that promote Khalistani narratives and solidarity within the diaspora.
5. They serve as safe spaces for activists, enabling the organization of protests and campaigns for Khalistan.

4. Comment on the impact of historical events, such as Operation Blue Star, on the Sikh diaspora’s perception of India. How does this influence contemporary activism?

1. Operation Blue Star is viewed as a traumatic and violent event, deeply affecting Sikh sentiments globally.
2. The desecration of the Golden Temple intensified feelings of alienation and resentment towards the state of India.
3. Historical grievances are often cited by activists to justify calls for Khalistan and other forms of dissent.
4. Memorialization of such events in diaspora narratives fuels ongoing activism and community solidarity.
5. Contemporary protests often invoke historical injustices to galvanize support and legitimize current demands.