The ongoing nationwide lockdown, enforced to counteract the rapid spread of COVID-19, has had an unexpected silver lining. Over 90 cities, including Delhi, are experiencing a drastic reduction in air pollution due to minimal human activity. Environmental advocates view this occurrence as a wake-up call for the government, prompting an urgent need to reevaluate developmental endeavours that harm the environment.
Lockdown Measures Improve Air Quality
Prevented from unnecessary travelling, citizens are contributing to a significant decrease in traffic. Additionally, industrial shutdowns and halted construction also play a crucial role in curbing air pollution. Rainy weather further improves the air quality. The System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR) reveals that these precautionary measures have diminished levels of harmful pollutants such as PM2.5 and Nitrogen Oxide (NOx).
About PM2.5 and its Side Effects
PM2.5 refers to atmospheric particulate matter with a diametre under 2.5 micrometres – about 3% the diameter of a human hair. Chronic exposure to PM2.5 leads to respiratory issues, reduced visibility, disruption of endocrine functions and may even contribute to diabetes.
The Role of Nitrogen Oxide
Nitrogen Oxide, predominantly released by vehicles, amplifies the risk of developing respiratory conditions. In comparison with typical air quality index readings in March, the current status falls under the ‘good’ or ‘satisfactory’ category, marking the healthiest breathing conditions and the lowest pollution levels.
Condition of Air Quality in Notably Polluted Cities
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) data demonstrates an improved air quality in traditionally polluted areas. Delhi, the National Capital Territory, is presently in the ‘good’ category while Kanpur, a notoriously polluted city, has improved to the ‘satisfactory’ category. Ninety-two other cities equipped with CPCB monitoring centres also report minimal air pollution, with air quality ranging from good to satisfactory.
Observations and Suggestions
The clean skies and low AQI conclusively prove that human activity significantly contributes to air pollution. However, reducing pollution through economic stagnation is not sustainable. Instead, conscious efforts in implementing mindful technologies and low-emission alternatives are necessary. Polluted areas with lower nutrition levels may experience higher COVID-19-related mortality and morbidity as air pollution weakens the respiratory system.
Understanding Air Quality Index (AQI)
AQI quantifies daily air quality focusing on potential health effects linked to breathing polluted air within a short period. It considers eight major pollutants such as ground-level ozone, PM10, PM2.5, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, and lead.
Risks of Ground-level Ozone and Airborne Particles
While ozone in the stratosphere protects from harmful UV rays, it acts as a pollutant at the ground level. Not directly emitted, ground-level ozone forms due to chemical reactions between nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds under sunlight. Alongside, airborne particles pose a significant threat to India’s human health.
