Recently, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), UN Environment Programme (UNEP), World Health Organization (WHO), and World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) announced the initiation of a priority research agenda. The main objective is to confront the pressing issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This research agenda finds its foundation in the One Health approach.
Main Objectives and Cross-Cutting Themes of the Research Agenda
The research agenda aims to identify the drivers and pathways of AMR transmission across various sectors and environment. It also strives to evaluate the impact of AMR on health, economy, and society. Additionally, it seeks to promote innovation and the development of improved diagnostics, therapeutics, or vaccines to tackle infections caused by resistant microorganisms.
Three cross-cutting themes are encapsulated in the One Health AMR research, namely gender, vulnerable populations, and sustainability. Acknowledging the influence of gender on AMR exposure and research participation is part of these themes. The term ‘vulnerable populations’ refers to groups exposed to a higher risk of infection due to factors such as age, poverty, and lack of access to quality healthcare. Sustainability embodies balancing environmental, economic, and social dimensions of development while guaranteeing human rights and wellness.
Understanding Antimicrobial Resistance and Suggested Countermeasures
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) refers to the resistance developed by microbes against drugs designed to eliminate them. Establishing robust systems for monitoring and tracking resistant organisms, promoting responsible use of antibiotics, implementing effective infection prevention and control practices, and strengthening vaccination programs constitute some measures to address AMR.
The ‘One Health’ Approach and Its Importance
The ‘One Health’ approach represents an integrated method to balance and optimize human, animal, and environmental health. This approach is instrumental in preventing, predicting, detecting, and responding to global health threats. ‘One Health’ plays a crucial role in food and water safety, controlling zoonotic diseases, managing pollution, and combatting antimicrobial resistance.
In May 2021, the One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP) was established to advise FAO, UNEP, WHO, and WOAH on One Health issues.
Past Questions in UPSC Civil Services Examination
In the 2019 prelims, a question asked for the reasons behind the occurrence of multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens in India. The correct answer was the usage of incorrect doses of antibiotics and the use of antibiotics in livestock farming.
A question was also asked in mains in 2014 about the overuse and free availability of antibiotics without a doctor’s prescription contributing to drug-resistant diseases in India. The question further asked for a critical discussion on the available mechanisms for monitoring and control.
