Recently, Cyclone Dana made landfall near Bhitarkanika National Park in Odisha, yet the anticipated devastation was largely mitigated. This success can be attributed to both proactive state evacuations and the natural resilience provided by the region’s extensive mangrove forests. These unique ecosystems play important role in protecting coastal areas from the impacts of severe weather events.
What are Mangroves?
Mangroves are a distinctive group of salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that thrive in intertidal zones where freshwater meets saltwater. Characterised by their aerial roots and waxy leaves, they serve as vital ecosystems. The Sundarbans, spanning India and Bangladesh, is the largest contiguous mangrove forest globally, denoting the ecological significance of these habitats. Mangroves reproduce through propagules, which germinate and grow while still attached to the parent tree, ensuring a continuous cycle of life.
Ecological Importance of Mangroves
Mangroves are not merely trees; they are essential for biodiversity. They provide habitat for numerous species, including fish, birds, and invertebrates. Their root systems stabilise coastlines, reduce erosion, and filter pollutants from water. Interestingly, mangrove ecosystems can sequester carbon at rates up to four times higher than terrestrial forests, making them crucial in the fight against climate change.
Protection Against Cyclones
The protective capabilities of mangroves during cyclones are well-documented. They act as natural barriers against storm surges, which can cause flooding and erosion. According to studies, mangroves can reduce surge heights by a substantial margin, with specific species like Sonneratia apetala demonstrating effectiveness in lowering water flow velocity by up to 92% when adequately spaced. This natural defence mechanism is enhanced when combined with human-made structures, such as embankments.
Bhitarkanika’s Mangrove Ecosystem
Bhitarkanika National Park is home to approximately 231 square kilometres of mangrove forest, making it one of the key regions for mangrove conservation in India. The park consists of densely populated mangrove areas and moderate forest coverage, which collectively contribute to its resilience against cyclonic activity. Established as a wildlife sanctuary in 1975 and designated a national park in 1998, Bhitarkanika has endured multiple severe cyclones, showcasing the effectiveness of its mangrove cover.
Global Significance of Mangrove Conservation
Globally, mangrove forests are under threat due to urbanisation, pollution, and climate change. The loss of these ecosystems can lead to increased vulnerability for coastal communities. Conservation efforts are critical to maintaining the ecological balance and ensuring that the protective benefits of mangroves continue to safeguard against natural disasters. Various organisations advocate for the restoration of mangrove habitats, recognising their role in sustainable development and climate resilience.
Questions for UPSC:
- Discuss the ecological and economic significance of mangrove forests in India.
- What measures can be taken to enhance the resilience of coastal regions against cyclones?
- Analyse the role of mangroves in mitigating climate change and protecting biodiversity.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of current conservation strategies for mangroves in India.
- How do mangroves contribute to the livelihoods of coastal communities?
