The ongoing conflict in Manipur has drawn national attention following violent clashes between the Meitei majority and Kuki-Zo tribal communities. Since May 2023, over 260 lives have been lost and more than 60,000 people displaced. The Prime Minister’s recent visit aimed to address the crisis through development projects and political dialogue. However, deep-rooted issues remain unresolved, threatening the state’s unity and social fabric.
Background of the Conflict
The conflict erupted between the Meitei community in the valley and the Kuki-Zo tribes in the hills. The violence led to mass displacement and destruction of villages. Relief camps are overcrowded with poor sanitation and healthcare. The crisis has fractured society emotionally and physically. Political demands for autonomy have intensified amid ongoing mistrust.
Political Demands and Divisions
The Kuki-Zo Council and 10 Kuki MLAs demand a separate Union Territory under Article 239A. They argue coexistence within Manipur is impossible after the violence. The Meitei community strongly opposes this, fearing state fragmentation. The Centre’s renewed Suspension of Operations agreement with Kuki militants has deepened Meitei unease. Political polarisation complicates peace efforts.
Impact on Society and Institutions
The divide affects all aspects of life. Schools, markets, and government offices operate separately for each community. Relief efforts face accusations of bias and political favouritism. Police and paramilitary forces are criticised for partiality. This institutional distrust risks turning temporary displacement into permanent segregation. It undermines justice and governance.
Development as a Peace Strategy
The Prime Minister inaugurated projects worth over ₹8,500 crore in Churachandpur and Imphal. These aim to promote economic growth and social outreach. However, development alone cannot heal wounds or resolve political conflicts. True peace requires addressing core issues like land rights, identity, representation, and autonomy. Development must complement, not replace, political dialogue.
Role of the Naga Community
The Nagas, represented by the United Naga Council, remain neutral in the current conflict. They seek progress in the Indo-Naga peace process based on the 2015 Framework Agreement. They oppose border fencing and the end of the Free Movement Regime, which they say threaten ancestral ties. Their concerns are vital to any comprehensive peace plan.
Path Forward for Peace
Sustainable peace demands constitutional respect, justice, and inclusive dialogue. The Centre must engage all stakeholders – tribal leaders, valley groups, civil society, and displaced persons. Accountability for violence and restoration of trust in institutions are crucial. Healing Manipur requires courage, empathy, and a clear political roadmap beyond infrastructure.
Questions for UPSC:
- Critically analyse the role of ethnic identity and political autonomy demands in internal conflicts within state of Indias, with examples from Manipur and other regions.
- Explain the challenges faced by the Government of India in managing insurgency and ethnic violence in North-East India and suggest measures for sustainable peace.
- What are the impacts of prolonged displacement on social cohesion and governance? Discuss with reference to internal conflicts in India.
- Comment on the significance of inclusive dialogue and constitutional values in resolving ethnic conflicts. How can development projects complement political solutions?
