The ethnic conflict in Manipur between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities, which began in May 2023, has deeply affected the state. After nearly 27 months of violence, displacement, and political instability, the situation remains fragile. Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit in 2025 marks the first high-profile engagement since the conflict started. This visit marks ongoing challenges in rehabilitation, security, governance, and border management.
Rehabilitation of Displaced Populations
Over 57,000 people remain displaced in more than 280 relief camps. Displacement occurred in two main ways – from areas where the other community is dominant and from fringe areas near ethnic boundaries. Kuki-Zo people fled Imphal and valley towns, while Meiteis left hill towns and border areas like Moreh. A three-phase resettlement plan was announced aiming to end relief camps by year-end. However, progress is slow, with only about 5,000 people returning home so far. Prefabricated housing is planned after normalcy returns.
Restrictions on Free Movement
Ethnic boundaries have hardened, creating buffer zones guarded by security forces. Meiteis are largely confined to the central valley, unable to access highways or hill districts. Kuki-Zos cannot enter Imphal or use key facilities such as the airport. Attempts to enforce free movement have led to violent clashes. Kuki-Zo groups allow essential goods through but restrict Meitei travel across buffer zones. No reciprocal arrangements exist for Kuki-Zo movement in the valley.
Dialogue and Armed Groups
Despite a decline in violence since November 2024, tensions remain high. Both communities are heavily armed, with no direct talks between them. The Ministry of Home Affairs holds separate discussions with each side. A Suspension of Operations (SoO) pact was renewed with Kuki-Zo insurgents, including the Kuki National Organization and United People’s Front. The pact includes respecting Manipur’s territorial integrity. However, Kuki-Zo groups continue to demand a separate Union Territory with legislature. Meitei groups oppose legitimising armed groups, complicating peace efforts.
Political Developments and Governance
Former Chief Minister N Biren Singh resigned in February 2025 amid widespread opposition. President’s Rule was imposed and remains in place. The resignation was welcomed by many, including Kuki-Zo groups. However, valley-based and Naga NDA MLAs are pushing for restoration of an elected government, citing public demand. The Centre has shown reluctance to lift President’s Rule, prioritising stability over political change.
Border Issues and Security
Manipur shares a porous border with Myanmar, home to many Chin people ethnically linked to the Kuki-Zo. Allegations of illegal immigration have fueled ethnic tensions. The Government of India ended the Free Movement Regime allowing cross-border travel and plans to fence the border. This decision faces opposition from Kuki-Zo and Naga communities due to close cross-border ties. The United Naga Council imposed a trade embargo to protest but has temporarily suspended it ahead of the Prime Minister’s visit.
Questions for UPSC:
- Taking the example of Manipur, discuss the challenges of ethnic conflicts in India’s northeastern states and the role of central government interventions.
- Examine the impact of internal displacement on social cohesion and governance in conflict-affected regions with suitable examples.
- Analyse the significance of border management and cross-border ethnic ties in maintaining security and peace in border states like Manipur.
- Critically discuss the role of insurgent groups in shaping political developments and peace processes in conflict zones, with reference to Manipur and other states.
