The Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) renewed the Suspension of Operations (SoO) agreement with Kuki insurgent groups in Manipur in September 2025. This move comes ahead of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s first visit to the state since ethnic violence erupted in May 2023. The renewal aims to restore peace and facilitate political dialogue amid ongoing tensions between Kuki and Meitei communities.
Background of the Manipur Conflict
Ethnic conflict between Kuki-Zomi and Meitei communities began in May 2023. The violence followed the unilateral withdrawal from the SoO by Manipur’s state government in March 2023. The Kuki insurgent groups accused the government of partiality and called for political negotiations. The SoO agreement, first signed in 2008, was designed to maintain ceasefire and promote dialogue between the Centre, state government, and insurgent groups.
Key Terms of the Renewed SoO Agreement
The renewed agreement emphasises the territorial integrity of Manipur and seeks a negotiated political solution. It requires Kuki militant camps to relocate from fringe areas near Meitei-dominated valleys and consolidate smaller camps. Militants must deposit weapons with Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) or Border Security Force (BSF) camps. Cadres will undergo physical verification, be issued identity cards, and have regulated movement. Payments to militants will be transferred directly to bank accounts to ensure transparency.
Political and Security Implications
The agreement addresses Kuki demands, including the removal of Chief Minister Biren Singh, accused of bias during the conflict. It also targets Meitei insurgent groups in the valley by regulating their camps and issuing ID cards. A Joint Monitoring Group will oversee compliance. However, some Kuki factions not party to the agreement have expressed dissatisfaction, especially concerning the clause on territorial integrity, which they fear limits their demand for separate administration.
Free Movement on National Highway-02
The Kuki-Zo Council agreed to open National Highway-02 for commuters and essential goods, a critical step for restoring normalcy. This highway had been a flashpoint due to ethnic tensions blocking movement. Despite the announcement, some Kuki groups claim no blockades existed and caution against interpreting the move as unrestricted access for Meitei individuals in hill areas. The issue remains sensitive, with fears persisting on both sides.
Reactions from Civil Society
Meitei civil society groups condemned the renewal, calling it an endorsement of armed groups. They also questioned the legitimacy of agreements signed under President’s Rule. Conversely, Kuki civil societies continue to push for separate administration despite the agreement’s emphasis on territorial integrity. The renewal has sparked mixed reactions, reflecting deep-rooted ethnic divisions and the complexity of peacebuilding in Manipur.
Role of Central Government
The central government has played a mediating role, imposing President’s Rule in February 2024 to control the situation. It has facilitated dialogue, negotiated ceasefire terms, and pushed for free movement across conflict zones. The government’s approach balances enforcement with political negotiation, aiming to stabilise the region while addressing insurgent demands gradually.
Challenges Ahead
Despite the renewed SoO and partial reopening of transport routes, mistrust persists. Enforcement of ceasefire terms and political dialogue remain fragile. The demand for separate administration by Kuki groups clashes with Meitei insistence on Manipur’s territorial integrity. Ensuring security, transparency, and mutual cooperation will be crucial for lasting peace.
Questions for UPSC:
- Discuss the challenges of maintaining territorial integrity in ethnically diverse states like Manipur. How can political dialogue contribute to conflict resolution in such regions?
- Critically examine the role of ceasefire agreements in insurgency-affected areas of India. What are their limitations and strengths with reference to the Manipur conflict?
- Explain the significance of free movement of people and goods in conflict zones. How does restricted mobility impact social and economic stability?
- With suitable examples, discuss the impact of central government interventions such as President’s Rule in managing internal conflicts. Comment on its effectiveness and democratic implications.
