Recent developments in Manipur have brought the state’s prolonged ethnic conflict into national focus. Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s scheduled visit in 2025 signals a critical moment for peace after nearly two years of violence between the Meitei, Kuki-Zo, and Naga communities. Despite agreements with militant groups and a belated imposition of President’s Rule, deep-rooted issues of governance, justice, and development continue to challenge lasting stability.
Background of the Conflict
The violence erupted in May 2023 following a contentious Manipur High Court ruling to include the Meitei community in the Scheduled Tribes list. This decision intensified ethnic tensions between the Meiteis in the valley and the hill-dwelling Kuki-Zo and Naga tribes. The Supreme Court later declared the matter legislative, not judicial, but the damage was done. Land disputes and the creation of reserved forests in hill areas further fuelled resentment.
Role of State and Central Governments
Initial responses from the state government, led by Chief Minister N Biren Singh, and the Union Home Ministry were criticised as inadequate. The failure to impose President’s Rule early allowed violence to escalate. Central intervention came late in February 2025, seen by many as symbolic rather than effective. The BJP-led government faces accusations of bias towards the Meitei majority, complicating trust-building efforts.
Ethnic Composition and Political Imbalance
Manipur’s 60-member Assembly is dominated by the Meitei community, holding 40 seats, while the Kukis and Nagas have 10 each. This demographic imbalance influences governance and resource allocation. The Kuki-Zo demand for a separate administration remains unresolved. Without political accommodation, equitable development and peace remain elusive.
Security Agreements and Ceasefire Deals
The Centre has renegotiated ceasefire agreements with militant groups such as the Kuki National Organisation and United People’s Front. These deals emphasise respecting Manipur’s territorial integrity and reopening key routes like National Highway 02 to facilitate movement and relief. However, the focus remains largely security-centric, with limited attention to socio-economic rehabilitation.
Developmental Challenges in Hill Regions
The hills of Manipur suffer from neglect and underdevelopment, exacerbating ethnic grievances. The conflict has worsened this divide, with many Kuki-Zo displaced from the valley. Relief distribution faces logistical hurdles due to unsafe routes. Long-term peace depends on balanced development and institutional support in these areas, not just security measures.
Justice and Reconciliation Issues
Justice remains a critical concern. Victims of violence, including those subjected to brutal acts, await accountability. The ongoing stigmatization of the Kuki-Zo community by some Meitei factions hampers reconciliation. Sustainable peace requires addressing past wrongs and encouraging mutual respect among communities.
Prospects and Challenges Ahead
PM Modi’s visit aims to rebuild trust and revive political dialogue. Yet, the success of peace depends on inclusive governance, equitable development, and justice. Overcoming entrenched ethnic divisions and political asymmetry is essential. Without these, peace agreements risk remaining fragile and temporary.
Questions for UPSC:
- Discuss the role of ethnic diversity and political representation in shaping governance challenges in northeastern states like Manipur.
- Critically examine the impact of judicial interventions on ethnic conflicts in India, with reference to the Manipur Scheduled Tribes issue.
- Explain the significance of ceasefire agreements in conflict resolution. How can they be integrated with development initiatives to ensure lasting peace?
- With suitable examples, discuss the challenges of delivering justice and encouraging reconciliation in multi-ethnic societies affected by prolonged violence.
