The Union Home Ministry and Manipur government signed a revised Suspension of Operations (SoO) agreement with Kuki-Zo insurgent groups in September 2025. This development occurred just before Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s first visit to Manipur since ethnic violence erupted in May 2023 between the Kuki-Zo and Meitei communities. The pact aims to restore peace and maintain territorial integrity amid ongoing tensions.
Context of the SoO Agreement
The SoO pact was renewed with updated terms to address recent conflicts. The original SoO focused on demands for autonomous territorial councils within Manipur. After the May 2023 violence, the demands shifted towards a negotiated political settlement within the Constitution of India. The agreement recognises Manipur’s territorial integrity while allowing political dialogue within constitutional limits.
Verification and Deportation of Foreign Nationals
Security forces will verify insurgent cadres under the agreement. Foreign nationals involved with insurgent groups will be identified and deported. This measure aims to reduce external influence on the insurgency and strengthen law enforcement within the state.
Relocation of Insurgent Camps
The revised ground rules include relocating camps run by insurgent groups. This step is intended to reduce armed confrontations and improve security. It also supports the broader goal of restoring normalcy in conflict-affected areas.
Opening of National Highway-2
The Kuki-Zo Council agreed to allow free movement on National Highway-2, connecting Imphal Valley to Nagaland and Assam. The highway had been effectively closed for two years for Meitei commuters and essential goods. The reopening is crucial for economic activity and supply chains in the region. The KZC also committed to cooperating with security forces to maintain peace along the highway.
Political Settlement Within Constitutional Framework
The agreement includes a new clause about a political settlement within India’s Constitution. This reflects a shift from demands for separate administrative units to seeking solutions through constitutional means. It emphasises dialogue and legal processes over violent conflict.
Impact on Ethnic Relations
The SoO pact aims to reduce ethnic tensions between Kuki-Zo and Meitei communities. By addressing core issues and ensuring freedom of movement, the agreement seeks to rebuild trust. Continued cooperation between the government and insurgent groups is vital for lasting peace.
Questions for UPSC:
- Critically discuss the role of Suspension of Operations (SoO) agreements in managing insurgencies in Northeast India. How effective are they in ensuring long-term peace?
- Examine the impact of ethnic conflicts on regional connectivity and economic development in conflict-prone areas of India. Taking the example of Manipur, discuss possible solutions.
- Discuss in the light of India’s constitutional framework, the challenges and opportunities in negotiating political settlements with insurgent groups demanding autonomy or separate administrative status.
- Analyse the role of external influences in insurgencies within India’s border states. How can security forces balance national security and human rights in such contexts?
