The Maratha Military Landscapes were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List on 11 July 2025. The decision was made during the 47th session of the World Heritage Committee held in Paris. This recognition marks the exceptional fortifications and military systems developed by the Maratha rulers between the 17th and 19th centuries. The inscription includes 12 forts spread across Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, showcasing strategic military architecture and indigenous engineering.
UNESCO World Heritage Inscription
The World Heritage Committee, a governing body of the Convention for the Protection of the World’s Cultural and Natural Heritage, inscribed the Maratha Military Landscapes in 2025. This is India’s 44th site to receive the prestigious tag. The Committee comprises representatives of 21 states elected from 195 parties to the Convention. It evaluates nominations and monitors the conservation of listed sites. The inscription was part of the 2024-25 nomination cycle.
Components of the Maratha Military Landscapes
The heritage site consists of 12 forts – Salher, Shivneri, Lohgad, Khanderi, Raigad, Rajgad, Pratapgad, Suvarnadurg, Panhala, Vijaydurg, and Sindhudurg in Maharashtra and Gingee Fort in Tamil Nadu. These forts are located in diverse geographical and physiographic regions. Each fort reflects unique adaptations to local terrain and strategic military needs. Together, they represent the military prowess and territorial control of the Maratha Empire.
Historical and Strategic Significance
Developed over two centuries, these forts illustrate advanced military engineering and strategic planning. The Maratha rulers used natural landscapes to enhance fortifications. The forts served as defensive bastions and administrative centres. They played key roles in resisting foreign invasions and expanding the Maratha influence across western and southern India. The architecture includes robust walls, watchtowers, water reservoirs, and complex gateways.
Architectural and Engineering Features
The forts demonstrate indigenous construction techniques suited to the local environment. Stone masonry, hilltop positioning, and sea fortifications are prominent features. Coastal forts like Sindhudurg and Suvarnadurg protected maritime routes. Hill forts such as Raigad and Rajgad provided vantage points over surrounding areas. The design ensured sustainability with rainwater harvesting and granaries. These elements reflect a deep understanding of military logistics and geography.
Role of Archaeological Survey of India
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) played important role in nominating and preserving these forts. ASI brought into light their cultural and historical importance through research and conservation efforts. The organisation’s work ensures the forts remain intact for future generations. ASI’s endorsement helped secure international recognition. The inscription enhances awareness of India’s rich military heritage and promotes tourism.
World Heritage Committee and Its Function
The World Heritage Committee oversees the implementation of the World Heritage Convention. It meets annually to review nominations and conservation status. The 47th session in 2025 was held at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris. The Committee’s decisions influence global heritage protection and management. Their role includes balancing cultural significance with sustainable development.
Geographical Distribution and Diversity
The forts span different landscapes from coastal regions to rugged hills. Maharashtra’s forts dominate the list with varied terrain adaptations. Gingee Fort in Tamil Nadu adds southern geographical diversity. This distribution showcases the Maratha Empire’s extensive reach and strategic military planning. The forts’ locations reflect control over key trade routes and political centres.
Impact on Cultural Heritage and Tourism
The UNESCO inscription boosts the profile of these forts nationally and internationally. It encourages preservation and responsible tourism. The recognition helps generate funds and expertise for site management. It also encourages pride in India’s historical achievements. The forts attract scholars, history enthusiasts, and tourists, contributing to local economies.
Questions for UPSC:
- Taking example of the Maratha Military Landscapes, discuss the role of geography in shaping military architecture in pre-modern India.
- Examine the significance of UNESCO World Heritage inscriptions in promoting cultural heritage conservation and sustainable tourism in India.
- Analyse the strategic importance of forts in the political consolidation of the Maratha Empire and their impact on regional power dynamics.
- With suitable examples, discuss the challenges faced in preserving historical military sites in India and suggest measures to overcome them.
