The recent massive avalanche in Nathu La, Sikkim has brought attention to the frightening phenomenon of avalanches. This natural disaster, marked by a sudden and rapid flow of snow, ice, and debris down a mountain or slope, can be triggered by multiple factors such as heavy snowfall, rapid temperature changes, or human activity.
A Closer Look at Avalanches
Avalanches include different types like Rock Avalanches, Ice Avalanches, and Debris Avalanches depending on their primary constituents. Weather conditions like heavy snowfall, rapid temperature changes, strong winds, and rain can all influence their occurrence. Slope conditions, particularly the steepness, orientation, and shape of a slope also play a significant role. Likewise, the structure and stability of the snowpack and human activity can contribute to avalanche conditions.
In addition to these factors, natural occurrences like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and rockfalls are capable of triggering an avalanche. Given the dangerous and potentially deadly nature of avalanches, many regions prone to this disaster have specialized teams that monitor and control avalanche risks, using various methods such as explosives, snow barriers, and safety measures.
Distinguishing Avalanches and Landslides
While avalanches and landslides are often used interchangeably, they are two distinct types of mass movements occurring in differing environments and involve different materials. Avalanches commonly occur in mountainous areas with heavy snowfall and steep slopes, whereas landslides can happen in a variety of places and are triggered by factors such as heavy rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic activity, or human activity.
India’s Approach to Disaster Management
India’s efforts in managing disasters are evident in its establishment of the National Disaster Reaction Force (NDRF), the world’s largest rapid reaction force dedicated to disaster response. India’s foreign humanitarian assistance showcases its dedication to providing international disaster relief by deploying naval ships or aircraft to deliver aid.
The country’s commitment extends to regional disaster preparedness, with its contribution to the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) offering an opportunity to share its developed techniques for responding to disasters. Recognizing the impact of climate change on disasters, India has also adopted significant global initiatives related to Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), Climate Change Adaptation (CCA), and sustainable development.
Understanding Nathu La
Situated on the Indo-Tibetan border 14450 ft. above sea level, Nathu La is one of the highest motorable roads globally. Its strategic relevance lies in being an open trading border post between India and China, and it is one of several prominent passes located in the state of Sikkim.
India’s Significant Passes
Apart from Nathu La, other significant passes in India provide critical connectivity. Banihal Pass links the Kashmir Valley with the outer Himalaya and plains to the south. Bara-Lacha-La Pass in Himachal Pradesh connects to Leh district in Ladakh. Fotu La Pass offers a link between Leh and Kargil of Ladakh.
Other noteworthy passes include Rohtang Pass connecting Kullu Valley with the Lahaul and Spiti Valleys of Himachal Pradesh, Shipki La Pass linking Himachal Pradesh with Tibet, China, Jelep La Pass connecting Sikkim with Tibet, Lipu Lekh Pass linking Chaudans valley of India with Tibet near the tri-junction of Uttarakhand (India), China and Nepal, Khardung La providing access from Ladakh to the Siachen glacier, and Bom di La situated in Arunachal Pradesh.