The state of Virginia has issued a warning regarding a potential statewide outbreak of meningococcal disease, a rare yet severe bacterial infection. This infection results in inflammation of the membranes enveloping the brain and spinal cord, leading to life-threatening conditions such as meningitis and septicemia. Meningococcal disease is caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, which can be present in the nose and throat of about 1 in 10 individuals without causing illness. It is primarily transmitted through close contact via respiratory and throat secretions, though it is less contagious than common cold or flu viruses. Symptoms include fever, headache, stiff neck, photophobia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and a distinctive rash. Treatment involves antibiotics and various supportive measures.
Facts/Terms for UPSC Prelims
- Neisseria meningitidis: This bacterium is the causative agent of meningococcal disease. It can colonize the nose and throat without causing illness in carriers but can lead to severe infections when it invades the body.
- Meningitis: Meningitis refers to the inflammation of the meninges, protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. While it can be a component of meningococcal disease, not all cases of meningitis are caused by the Neisseria meningitidis bacterium.
- Septicemia: Also known as sepsis, septicemia is a life-threatening condition characterized by the presence of bacteria or their toxins in the bloodstream, often occurring as a result of meningococcal infection. It can lead to organ failure and shock.
- Photophobia: Photophobia is a symptom commonly associated with meningococcal disease. It refers to extreme sensitivity to light, causing discomfort or pain when exposed to bright light sources.
