The Sangam Period is a significant era in South India’s ancient history, notably known for its rich contribution to Tamil literature. This period, approximately between the 3rd century B.C. and 3rd century A.D., covers the region south of the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers. The term ‘Sangam’ refers to assemblies of poets conducted under the patronage of the Pandya Kings of Madurai. These literary gatherings provided a platform for scholars to review and compile the finest pieces of literature into anthologies, marking the origins of Dravidian literature.
During the Sangam period, South India was ruled by three significant dynasties – the Cheras, Cholas, and Pandyas. Over time, also this period witnessed vast-scale literary activities through three renowned Sangams, with each producing texts that provide valuable insights into the history and culture of the era.
Tamil Legends and the Three Sangams
Tamil legends speak of three Sangams, often referred to as Muchchangam. The First Sangam, believed to be held at Madurai, was attended by gods and legendary sages. However, unfortunately, no literary work from this Sangam has survived.
The Second Sangam convened at Kapadapuram, out of which only the Tolkappiyam remains. The Third Sangam, like the first, was held at Madurai. Some Tamil literary works from this meeting have survived, serving as significant resources for reconstructing Sangam period’s history.
Jewels of Sangam Literature
Sangam literature includes notable works such as Tolkappiyam, Ettutogai, Pattuppattu, Pathinenkilkanakku, and two epic narratives – Silappathikaram and Manimegalai.
Tolkappiyam, authored by Tolkappiyar, is the earliest known Tamil literary work. While primarily a grammar text, it also sheds light on the political and socio-economic aspects of the time. It exquisitely delves into phonology, morphology, syntax, rhetoric, prosody, and poetics, offering an in-depth understanding of language intricacies.
Ettutogai, or Eight Anthologies, comprise eight distinct works, each providing different perspectives on life and society during the Sangam period. Similarly, Pattuppattu, also known as Ten Idylls, includes ten unique works, each contributing to our understanding of the era’s culture and lifestyle.
Pathinenkilkanakku contains eighteen works centered around ethics and morals, with Tirukkural by Thiruvalluvar being the most prominent among them.
Sangam Epics: Silappathikaram and Manimegalai
The two famous Tamil epics from this period are Silappathikaram, written by Elango Adigal, and Manimegalai, penned by Sittalai Sattanar. These masterpieces not only narrate engaging stories but also offer valuable insights into the society and politics of the Sangam era.
Reviving Sangam Literature: Recent Developments
Recently, efforts have been made to translate Classical Tamil literature into various languages to expand its reach and significance. The Minister of State for Education released the Hindi translation of Tolkappiyam along with Kannada translations of nine books related to Classical Tamil literature.
Such initiatives highlight the ongoing relevance of Sangam literature and foster a better understanding of Tamil culture and history. They also ensure that this rich literary tradition remains accessible to future generations and continues to illuminate India’s cultural landscape.