Modernization of Japan’s Military and Legal Systems
The latter half of the 19th century marked a significant transformation in Japan’s military and legal institutions, as the country sought to adapt to the rapidly changing global landscape. The modernization of the Japanese military was exemplified by its success in quelling the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877, an uprising that represented the final struggle against the modernization efforts and the end of traditional feudalism in Japan.
Reorganization of the Japanese Navy
The Japanese navy underwent a comprehensive reorganization, adopting the British naval structure as its model. This shift towards a Western-style military framework was not only aimed at enhancing the operational efficiency of the navy but also at positioning Japan as a formidable maritime force in the region. The restructured navy demonstrated its effectiveness during the suppression of the Satsuma Rebellion, proving the merits of modern military organization and strategy.
Revamping the Legal Code
Japan undertook a thorough overhaul of its legal system, encompassing both civil and criminal laws, as well as judicial procedures. This extensive reform was driven by a strong desire to eliminate the demeaning constraints imposed by extra-territoriality—a practice that allowed foreign residents to be tried by their own consular courts rather than the Japanese legal system. By adopting Western legal principles, the Japanese aimed to assert their sovereignty and remove the stigma of inferiority associated with extra-territorial rights.
Emergence of Political Parties
During this period of transformation, three main political factions emerged within Japan. The Liberals called for popular representation, advocating for the voice of the people to be heard in governance. The Liberal Conservatives took a more cautious approach, supporting a gradual expansion of voting rights to ensure stability. Lastly, the Constitutional Imperialists, while supportive of establishing a constitution, firmly opposed any measures that could potentially diminish the Emperor’s authority.
Creation of Parliamentary Institutions
The ‘Charter Oath’ of 1868 hinted at the establishment of some form of parliamentary governance. Initially, a council of ministers based on the Chinese model was formed, followed by the creation of a senate in 1874. This senate, comprising members of the nobility and bureaucracy, was tasked with deliberating on matters of state and served to check the power of the Emperor’s inner circle. By 1880, the government had established provincial assemblies, further decentralizing power and giving rise to local legislative bodies.
Promises of a National Assembly and Constitution
In a move towards greater political reform, the government pledged to convene a national assembly and enact a constitution by 1890 at the latest. This promise indicated a commitment to creating a more democratic and representative government, aligning with the broader trends of constitutionalism and parliamentary democracy taking root around the world.
Questions for UPSC
1. How did the modernization of Japan’s military contribute to the country’s emergence as a regional power in the late 19th century?
2. In what ways did the adoption of Western legal systems impact Japan’s international relations, particularly concerning the issue of extra-territoriality?
3. What were the political and social implications of the emergence of political parties and the movement towards parliamentary democracy in Japan?
