Chandrayaan-3 Mission Discovers Widespread Ice Presence on Moon

Recent findings from India’s Chandrayaan-3 mission have revealed that ice may be more widespread beneath the Moon’s surface than previously believed. This discovery comes from data collected by the mission’s ChaSTE probe, which measured temperature variations in the lunar regolith. The implications of this research extend to our understanding of the Moon’s geological history and the potential for future exploration.

Chandrayaan-3 Overview

Chandrayaan-3 was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and successfully landed near the Moon’s south pole on August 23, 2023. The landing site, named ‘Shiv Shakti Point’, is located at approximately 69 degrees south latitude. This mission aims to enhance our understanding of the Moon’s surface and its resources.

Temperature Measurements

The ChaSTE probe measured temperatures at depths of up to 10 centimetres below the lunar surface. The data indicated temperature fluctuations, with daytime highs reaching 82 degrees Celsius and nighttime lows dropping to -170 degrees Celsius. These variations were influenced by the slope of the landing site, which received more solar radiation compared to nearby flat areas.

Implications for Ice Formation

The research suggests that slopes facing away from the Sun, particularly those inclined at angles greater than 14 degrees, may provide conditions suitable for ice accumulation. This model indicates that there could be several locations on the Moon where ice can form, making them viable targets for future exploration missions, such as NASA’s Artemis programme.

Potential for Water Resources

While ice cannot exist in liquid form on the Moon due to its ultra-high vacuum, it remains a valuable resource for future lunar missions. The presence of ice could support long-term exploration and habitation efforts. Techniques for extracting and utilising this ice will be essential for sustainable lunar activities.

Future Exploration Strategies

The findings from the ChaSTE probe highlight the importance of high-latitude regions for scouting water-ice. These areas present fewer technical challenges for exploration compared to the Moon’s polar regions. Further measurements and studies are necessary to develop effective strategies for ice extraction and use.

Scientific Significance

The discovery of potential ice locations on the Moon not only enhances our understanding of its geological processes but also opens avenues for future scientific research. The presence of ice could provide vital information about the Moon’s history and its capacity to support human activities.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the significance of ice discovery on the Moon for future space missions.
2. Estimate the potential challenges of extracting lunar ice for human habitation.
3. Point out the role of temperature variations in the formation of ice on celestial bodies.
4. With suitable examples, explain how lunar exploration can contribute to our understanding of planetary geology.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the significance of ice discovery on the Moon for future space missions.

1. Ice is a potential resource for sustaining long-term human presence on the Moon.
2. It can be converted to water, oxygen, and hydrogen, essential for life support and fuel.
3. The discovery opens new exploration sites, particularly in high-latitude regions.
4. About ice distribution aids in planning future missions, such as NASA’s Artemis.
5. Ice presence may provide vital information about the Moon’s geological history and evolution.

2. Estimate the potential challenges of extracting lunar ice for human habitation.

1. Extreme temperatures on the Moon complicate extraction processes.
2. Technological limitations exist in developing efficient mining and processing equipment.
3. Logistical issues related to transporting equipment and materials to the Moon need addressing.
4. Safety concerns for astronauts during extraction operations must be prioritized.
5. Long-term sustainability of extraction methods needs thorough research and development.

3. Point out the role of temperature variations in the formation of ice on celestial bodies.

1. Temperature fluctuations influence the phase changes of water from vapor to ice.
2. Specific slopes and orientations can create microclimates conducive to ice accumulation.
3. Extreme temperature drops at night can preserve ice in shadowed areas.
4. About thermal dynamics helps predict ice presence in different celestial environments.
5. Temperature variations are critical for assessing habitability and resource availability.

4. With suitable examples, explain how lunar exploration can contribute to our understanding of planetary geology.

1. Lunar samples have provided vital information about the Moon’s formation and volcanic activity.
2. Studies of ice can reveal past climatic conditions and geological processes on the Moon.
3. Exploration can identify similarities and differences with Earth and other celestial bodies.
4. Data from missions like Chandrayaan-3 enhance our understanding of regolith properties.
5. Future missions can investigate geological features that inform planetary evolution theories.