Mumbai Experiences Unusual February Heatwave

Mumbai is currently experiencing an unusual spike in temperatures for February. The maximum temperature reached 36.7 degrees Celsius on February 14, exceeding normal levels by over five degrees. This follows the hottest January on record for the city. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has predicted that high temperatures will persist, with daily highs expected between 36 and 37 degrees Celsius for the remainder of the week.

Weather Patterns Influencing Temperature Rise

The recent heatwave in Mumbai is attributed to changing wind patterns. Easterly winds bring cooler air in the morning. However, these winds shift to north-westerly in the afternoon, causing rise in daytime temperatures. The absence of western disturbances, which typically bring rain and cooler air, has further exacerbated the situation.

Role of Anticyclonic Systems

An anticyclonic system over the Arabian Sea is generating north-westerly winds. These winds are moving in a clockwise direction, contributing to the temperature rise. The clear skies and bright sunlight throughout the day have resulted in higher maximum temperatures and rapid cooling at night.

Historical Context of February Temperatures

While the current temperatures may seem abnormal, they are not unprecedented. The IMD has recorded similar warm days in February in past years. For instance, temperatures reached 37.5 degrees Celsius in February 2024 and 37.9 degrees Celsius in February 2023. The hottest February day on record was in 1966, when temperatures soared to 39.6 degrees Celsius.

Transition from Winter to Summer

February marks a transitional period between winter and summer in Mumbai. Kamble noted that fluctuations in temperature are typical for this month. Although summer generally begins in March, the IMD does not officially declare the end of winter. The ongoing heatwave may continue for several days, with temperatures potentially peaking at 37 degrees Celsius by February 22.

Diurnal Temperature Range

A notable aspect of the current weather is the large diurnal range, which refers to the difference between daytime highs and nighttime lows. Such gaps are more commonly observed in March rather than February. Kapadia pointed out that this unusual pattern could indicate shifting climate conditions in the region.

Implications for Urban Climate

The persistent heat may have implications for urban planning and public health in Mumbai. Increased temperatures can exacerbate heat-related illnesses and strain energy resources. Authorities may need to consider adaptive measures to mitigate the effects of rising temperatures and ensure public safety.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the impact of changing wind patterns on urban climates in coastal cities like Mumbai.
2. Explain the significance of anticyclonic systems in influencing regional weather patterns, with suitable examples.
3. What are the potential health implications of rising urban temperatures in metropolitan areas? Discuss.
4. Comment on the historical trends of temperature fluctuations in Mumbai during the month of February and their potential causes.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the impact of changing wind patterns on urban climates in coastal cities like Mumbai.

1. Changing wind patterns can lead to temperature fluctuations, as seen with the shift from easterly to north-westerly winds in Mumbai.
2. Urban heat islands may intensify due to altered wind flows, trapping heat in densely populated areas.
3. Increased temperatures can exacerbate air pollution, affecting public health and urban livability.
4. Coastal cities may experience changes in precipitation patterns, impacting water supply and agriculture.
5. Adaptation strategies are essential for managing the effects of changing wind patterns on urban infrastructure and ecosystems.

2. Explain the significance of anticyclonic systems in influencing regional weather patterns, with suitable examples.

1. Anticyclonic systems are characterized by descending air, leading to clear skies and higher temperatures, as observed in Mumbai.
2. They can block the movement of cooler air and precipitation, contributing to prolonged dry spells.
3. Such systems can influence local weather by changing wind directions, affecting temperature and humidity levels.
4. Examples include the anticyclone over the Arabian Sea affecting Mumbai’s weather and the high-pressure systems causing droughts in other regions.
5. About these systems is crucial for accurate weather forecasting and climate modeling.

3. What are the potential health implications of rising urban temperatures in metropolitan areas? Discuss.

1. Increased urban temperatures can lead to heat-related illnesses, such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke.
2. Vulnerable populations, including the elderly and those with pre-existing health conditions, are at higher risk.
3. Higher temperatures can exacerbate respiratory issues due to increased air pollution and allergens.
4. Heat waves can strain healthcare systems, leading to increased hospital admissions and healthcare costs.
5. Urban planning must incorporate heat mitigation strategies to protect public health, such as green spaces and cooling centers.

4. Comment on the historical trends of temperature fluctuations in Mumbai during the month of February and their potential causes.

1. Historical data shows February temperatures in Mumbai have fluctuated , with records of up to 39.6 degrees Celsius in 1966.
2. Recent years have seen temperatures exceeding 37 degrees Celsius, indicating a warming trend.
3. Factors such as changing wind patterns, urbanization, and climate change contribute to these fluctuations.
4. February’s transitional nature between winter and summer often leads to variable weather conditions.
5. About these trends is vital for climate adaptation strategies and urban planning in Mumbai.