Mumbai’s Temperature Fluctuations in December 2024

Mumbai has recently experienced temperature fluctuations. December 2024 marked the city’s coldest day since 2015, with temperatures plummeting to 13.7 degrees Celsius. This was quickly followed by a rise of nearly 6 degrees Celsius within days, reaching 20 degrees Celsius. Such rapid changes have left residents bewildered.

Temperature Records and Trends

In early December, Mumbai recorded its hottest day since 2008, with a maximum temperature of 37.3 degrees Celsius. Just a few days later, the minimum temperature dropped . This pattern of extreme heat followed by sudden cold is not uncommon for the city during winter months.

Causes of Temperature Variability

Weather experts attribute these fluctuations to various meteorological phenomena. The influx of easterly winds and the remnants of Cyclone Fengal played crucial roles. Cyclone Fengal caused a spike in temperatures due to moisture influx. Conversely, strong northerly winds, resulting from snowfall in northern India, led to the recent cold spell.

Role of Weather Systems

Mumbai’s winter temperatures are heavily influenced by weather systems. The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) notes that western disturbances, which bring snowfall to northern regions, can lead to temperature drops in Mumbai. However, when moisture-laden systems approach, temperatures can spike. This cyclical pattern is typical for the city during winter.

Future Temperature Predictions

Looking ahead, the IMD has forecasted that Mumbai’s temperatures may fluctuate between 34-35 degrees Celsius in the coming days. The minimum temperature is expected to rise to 21-22 degrees Celsius. Meteorologists suggest that after December 14, a slight dip in temperatures may occur. However, drops are unlikely due to the absence of western disturbances.

Impact on Residents

The rapid changes in temperature have implications for residents. From managing daily clothing choices to health impacts, the variability can disrupt routines. Residents must adapt to these fluctuations, which may become more pronounced with changing weather patterns.

Conclusion on Climatic Patterns

Mumbai’s climatic patterns reflect broader changes in weather systems. The interplay of easterlies and northerlies creates a unique weather phenomenon. About these patterns is essential for residents and policymakers alike.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the impact of climate change on urban weather patterns, using Mumbai as a case study.
2. What are the characteristics of western disturbances? How do they influence the Indian winter climate?
3. Estimate the socio-economic effects of extreme weather events on urban populations in India.
4. Point out the relationship between cyclones and temperature variations in coastal cities like Mumbai.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the impact of climate change on urban weather patterns, using Mumbai as a case study.

1. Climate change leads to increased temperature variability, causing extreme weather events.
2. Mumbai’s recent temperature fluctuations showcase the impact of changing weather patterns.
3. Urban heat islands exacerbate temperature extremes in cities due to concrete and infrastructure.
4. Increased moisture from climate change can lead to heavier rainfall and humidity levels.
5. Vulnerable populations in urban areas face heightened risks from climate-induced weather changes.

2. What are the characteristics of western disturbances? How do they influence the Indian winter climate?

1. Western disturbances are weather systems originating from the Mediterranean region, bringing moisture.
2. They cause snowfall in northern India, impacting temperature patterns in the region.
3. These disturbances lead to colder temperatures in cities like Mumbai by introducing northerly winds.
4. They are important factor in the seasonal rainfall patterns across northern and central India.
5. Western disturbances can also lead to erratic weather patterns, contributing to climate variability.

3. Estimate the socio-economic effects of extreme weather events on urban populations in India.

1. Extreme weather events can disrupt livelihoods, particularly in agriculture and informal sectors.
2. Health risks increase due to heatwaves and cold spells, leading to higher healthcare costs.
3. Infrastructure damage from floods or storms can result in economic losses for cities.
4. Vulnerable populations often face displacement, exacerbating poverty and social inequalities.
5. Increased demand for emergency services and disaster management resources strains urban budgets.

4. Point out the relationship between cyclones and temperature variations in coastal cities like Mumbai.

1. Cyclones can lead to sudden spikes in temperatures due to moisture influx and atmospheric pressure changes.
2. They often disrupt typical weather patterns, causing rapid temperature fluctuations in coastal areas.
3. Post-cyclone conditions can result in warmer temperatures as the system dissipates and winds shift.
4. Cyclones also bring heavy rainfall, which can affect local ecosystems and urban infrastructure.
5. Coastal cities experience unique vulnerabilities due to their geographical location and population density.