Natural Hydrogen

Natural hydrogen is gaining attention as a potential clean energy source. It is seen as a solution to decarbonise the global economy and combat climate change. Recent discoveries suggest that natural hydrogen could be abundant, particularly in India. This article explores the extraction methods, historical context, current reserves, and industry response to natural hydrogen.

Extraction Methods

Natural hydrogen is extracted through geological processes. It occurs as a free gas and is produced by serpentinisation, radiolysis of water, and organic matter decomposition. Unlike conventional hydrogen production, which relies on fossil fuels, natural hydrogen extraction is less energy-intensive. This makes it a cleaner alternative.

Discovery

The discovery of natural hydrogen dates back to 1987 in Mali. Drill crews, searching for water, accidentally ignited hydrogen gas, revealing its presence. For years, natural hydrogen was considered rare. However, recent studies have shown that geological environments conducive to its generation are more common than previously thought.

Current Reserves and Geological Potential

The total size of natural hydrogen reserves is not well-documented. However, recent findings indicate potential. Geological formations in India, such as the Himalayas and Andaman Islands, show promise for natural hydrogen accumulation. Global catalogues list numerous hydrogen seeps in countries like Australia, the U.S., and Spain. Estimates suggest that if only a fraction of these reserves are commercially viable, they could meet global hydrogen demand for centuries.

Industry Response and Economic Viability

The prospect of abundant natural hydrogen has triggered a surge in exploration. By late 2023, over 40 companies were searching for natural hydrogen, up from just 10 in 2020. Companies claim extraction costs could be as low as $1 per kilogram, making it economically attractive. Major investors, including climate funds and energy companies, are backing ventures focused on natural hydrogen.

Global Implications

The emergence of natural hydrogen could transform the energy landscape. It presents an opportunity to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Countries with favourable geological conditions may gain a competitive edge in energy production. As exploration continues, the potential of natural hydrogen to contribute to a sustainable energy future becomes increasingly evident.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Discuss the significance of natural hydrogen in the transition to renewable energy sources.
2. Critically examine the geological processes that lead to the formation of natural hydrogen.
3. Explain the economic implications of natural hydrogen extraction for developing countries.
4. With suitable examples, discuss the role of technology in enhancing the extraction of natural hydrogen.

Answer Hints:

1. Discuss the significance of natural hydrogen in the transition to renewable energy sources.

1. Natural hydrogen is a clean fuel that can reduce carbon emissions.
2. It offers a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, aiding in global decarbonization efforts.
3. Abundant reserves, particularly in regions like India, can meet increasing energy demands.
4. Natural hydrogen extraction is less energy-intensive compared to conventional hydrogen production.
5. Its utilization can enhance energy security and reduce dependence on imported fossil fuels.

2. Critically examine the geological processes that lead to the formation of natural hydrogen.

1. Natural hydrogen is produced through serpentinisation, where water interacts with iron-rich rocks.
2. Radiolysis of water by radioactive rocks contributes to hydrogen generation.
3. Decomposition of organic matter at geological depths also produces hydrogen.
4. Active tectonic regions, like the Himalayas and Alps, are favorable for hydrogen formation.
5. Helium co-existence in some reserves indicates complex geological processes at play.

3. Explain the economic implications of natural hydrogen extraction for developing countries.

1. Natural hydrogen could provide a low-cost energy source, enhancing energy access.
2. Extraction can stimulate local economies through job creation in exploration and production.
3. It offers a pathway for energy independence, reducing reliance on expensive fossil fuel imports.
4. Developing countries with favorable geology can attract foreign investment in energy sectors.
5. Natural hydrogen can support sustainable development goals by promoting clean energy initiatives.

4. With suitable examples, discuss the role of technology in enhancing the extraction of natural hydrogen.

1. Advanced drilling techniques have improved the discovery of natural hydrogen reserves.
2. Mobile laboratories facilitate on-site analysis, as seen in Mali’s Bourakébougou discovery.
3. Geological modeling technologies help identify promising hydrogen production zones.
4. Investments in startups, like Koloma, showcase technological innovation in hydrogen extraction.
5. Collaboration between tech firms and energy companies accelerates exploration efforts globally.