Nepal is witnessing political upheaval led by its Gen-Z population. This youth-driven movement demands greater democracy, transparency and inclusion. It reflects widespread frustration with entrenched elites and governance failures. The movement marks the urgent need for reforms in Nepal’s federal system and political culture.
Background of the Gen-Z Movement
The movement is driven by young citizens frustrated with corruption and exclusion. Political parties have long been dominated by senior leaders who control decisions and suppress dissent. This stifles grassroots voices and wastes young leaders’ energy. The Gen-Z movement seeks not only jobs and education but also recognition, participation and transparency in governance.
Governance Challenges in Nepal
Nepal’s governance is marked by centralisation and elite capture. Resources and projects are often diverted for political patronage. Accountability remains weak and transparency is mostly rhetorical. Laws are drafted without proper consultation with subnational units, causing resistance and poor implementation. These issues fuel public disillusionment and political instability.
Swiss Model of Direct Democracy
Switzerland offers a contrasting example of strong democratic culture. It practices direct democracy where citizens regularly vote on laws and constitutional changes. Political leaders serve short terms and maintain their regular jobs, preventing power concentration and arrogance. Local budgets are openly debated in town assemblies, ensuring transparency and citizen ownership.
Federalism and Citizen Participation in Switzerland
Swiss federalism emphasises consultation and shared governance. The federal government consults cantons, municipalities and civil society before passing laws. This process, known as ‘Vernehmlassung’, builds consensus and smooth implementation. Citizens can propose constitutional amendments and challenge laws through referendums, embedding participation in the political system.
Lessons for Nepal’s Democracy and Federalism
Nepal can learn from Switzerland’s integration of direct democracy and federalism. Genuine citizen participation in law-making and budgeting can rebuild trust. Leaders must adopt modesty and serve the people rather than seek power. Embedding transparency and accountability in daily governance is crucial. The Gen-Z movement’s demands align with these principles and offer a path to reform.
Current Political Developments in Nepal
Following the Gen-Z movement, a new government under former Chief Justice Sushila Karki has formed. Elections for the House of Representatives are scheduled for March 2026. These elections present an opportunity for fresh leadership to drive constitutional amendments and reforms. The future of Nepal’s democracy depends on embracing citizen-centred governance.
Impact of Youth Movements on Democracy
Youth movements worldwide challenge established political orders. They demand transparency, inclusion and accountability. Nepal’s Gen-Z movement exemplifies this trend, denoting risks of ignoring young voices. Democracies that fail to engage youth face instability. Conversely, inclusive governance strengthens democratic resilience and legitimacy.
Role of Federalism in Democratic Governance
Federalism can decentralise power and enhance local participation. However, it requires effective consultation and resource sharing. Nepal’s federalism struggles due to top-down decision-making and elite control. Strengthening federal structures with citizen involvement can improve governance and reduce exclusion.
Questions for UPSC:
- Point out the challenges faced by federal democracies in ensuring citizen participation and accountability, with examples from Nepal and Switzerland.
- Critically analyse the role of youth movements in shaping democratic reforms in South Asia, with suitable examples.
- Estimate the impact of direct democracy mechanisms on governance quality. How can these be adapted in diverse political contexts?
- What are the features of federalism that promote political stability? Underline the importance of consultative processes in multi-tier governance systems.
