Nepal’s recent political unrest has drawn international attention. Protests erupted after social media restrictions by the government. The demonstrations escalated into violent attacks on government buildings. This turmoil reflects deeper issues related to foreign influence, youth discontent, and regional geopolitics.
Background of Nepal’s Political Landscape
Nepal transitioned from monarchy to democracy after 239 years. The 2001 royal massacre remains unresolved, symbolising the fragility of Nepal’s political stability. Democracy raised hopes for the poor majority. Yet political power struggles persist among leaders like K P Sharma Oli, Pushpa Kamal Dahal, and Sher Bahadur Deuba.
Role of Foreign Powers
China has influenced Nepal’s politics. It supports Maoist factions and exerts pressure on leaders. China’s ambassador actively shapes narratives, including territorial claims against India. Nepal’s maps have shown disputed Indian areas as Nepalese territory. China also promotes religious conversions and funds mosques near the India-Nepal border. India’s intelligence and diplomatic efforts face challenges in countering these moves.
Youth Discontent and Social Media Restrictions
Over half of Nepal’s population is under 25. Rising inequality and political corruption fuel youth frustration. The ban on social media triggered protests initially peaceful but soon turned violent. Key government buildings including Parliament and Supreme Court were set ablaze. The involvement of armed elements suggests possible infiltration by paid agitators or external instigators.
Migration and Economic Impact
Nepal’s economy heavily depends on remittances. Around four lakh youths migrate abroad yearly. Remittances contribute 25% to Nepal’s GDP. Nearly 50 lakh Nepalis live overseas, excluding those in India due to close ties. Economic hardship and lack of opportunities at home add to political instability.
Religious and Cultural Shifts
Nepal, historically a Hindu nation, has seen rapid growth in Christianity and Islam. The number of mosques and madrasas near the border has increased substantially, with foreign funding involved. Over 8,000 churches exist in Nepal. These changes raise questions about cultural influence and national identity.
India-Nepal Relations and Security Concerns
India shares deep cultural and economic bonds with Nepal. However, Nepal’s political unrest and foreign interference pose security risks for India. Past intelligence failures have raised concerns about preparedness. India must balance support for Nepal’s sovereignty with safeguarding its own strategic interests.
Current Political Developments
Following unrest, Nepal appointed former Chief Justice Sushila Karki as interim Prime Minister. Efforts to form a stable government are underway. The situation remains fragile but offers hope for restoring peace and progress.
Questions for UPSC:
- Critically discuss the impact of foreign influence on the political stability of South Asian countries with special reference to Nepal and Bangladesh.
- Analyse the role of youth demographics in shaping political movements and social unrest in developing nations.
- Examine the challenges faced by intelligence agencies in countering cross-border conspiracies and maintaining national security in the context of India and its neighbours.
- Estimate the socio-economic impacts of migration and remittances on the political landscape of Nepal and similar countries in South Asia.
