The discovery of a new subtype of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) known as HIV-1 Group M, subtype L has thrust HIV back into the headlines. Identified by researchers, this novel subtype is the first to be discovered in nearly twenty years. The virus, known for its two primary types, HIV-1 and HIV-2, has always presented challenges due to its ability to mutate and adapt. HIV-1 is currently the predominant type, with vast numbers of infections occurring globally. In contrast, HIV-2 is far less common, largely concentrated in western and central Africa.
Unlocking the Secrets of HIV Subtype L
Researchers have been able to pinpoint this new HIV subtype through the application of next-generation genome sequencing technology. This cutting-edge method involves the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism’s genome, providing an intricate understanding of the order of DNA nucleotides, or bases, that make up its DNA. The breakthrough is not only significant in terms of potential new treatments but is also invaluable to scientists in staying one step ahead of mutating viruses to prevent new pandemics.
HIV’s Global Impact: The Role of the Group M Viruses
Group M viruses have gained notoriety as the cause behind the global HIV pandemic. Tracing their origin to the Democratic Republic of Congo in Sub-Saharan Africa, these viruses have spread across continents, wreaking havoc among populations due to the deadly Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) they cause.
The Nature of HIV and Its Treatment
While HIV is classified as a retrovirus, the treatment administered to neutralize it is known as Antiretroviral Therapy (ART). These drugs are specially designed to counter the virus’s attack on the body’s immune system, particularly focusing on the CD4-a type of White Blood Cell (T-cells). HIV transmission occurs between individuals through the exchange of bodily fluids such as semen, blood, vaginal secretions, anal fluids, and breast milk.
| Year | HIV Cases in India |
|---|---|
| 2017 | 21.40 lakh |
| 1995 | 87,000 |
The HIV Situation in India
India has been grappling with its own HIV challenges. In 2017, the total number of people living with HIV was estimated at 21.40 lakh. However, there has been a significant decline in new cases, with only 87,000 reported in 2017, representing an 85% drop compared to 1995 levels. To create further awareness about HIV/AIDS, World AIDS Day is observed annually on December 1st.
Source
This information has been collated from various sources, with a major contribution from IE.