New Species of Blood-Sucking Flies Discovered in India

Recent research by the Zoological Survey of India has revealed the presence of 23 species of blood-sucking flies in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Thirteen of these species are newly recorded in India. These insects, known as midges and belonging to the Culicoides genus, are closely related to mosquitoes. Their discovery marks the first comprehensive survey of these insects in the region.

Characteristics of Culicoides

Culicoides, commonly referred to as bhusi flies, are small haematophagous insects. They are known for their blood-feeding habits. The family Ceratopogonidae includes these midges. They are because they can transmit various pathogens. The flies are particularly notable for their role in transmitting bluetongue disease, which affects livestock.

Impact on Livestock

Five species of Culicoides are identified as vectors for the bluetongue virus. This disease can be fatal to livestock such as sheep, goats, and cattle. Symptoms include fever, facial swelling, and blue discolouration of the tongue. The disease poses a risk to livestock farming and the agricultural economy, making surveillance essential.

Survey Findings

The survey conducted in 2022 and 2023 trapped a total of 3,529 adult Culicoides. The research identified five subgenera and three unplaced species groups. The newly recorded species include C. barnetti, C. gouldi, and C. flaviscutellaris, among others. With these additions, India now has a total of 93 valid Culicoides species.

Human Interaction

While 17 of the identified species are known to bite humans, no human disease transmission has been reported. This aspect marks the need for further research to understand the potential risks posed by these insects.

Future Research Directions

The researchers emphasise the necessity for systematic surveys across the entire archipelago. Areas remain unexplored, indicating the possibility of discovering more Culicoides species. Ongoing studies will focus on population dynamics and genetic analyses to better understand these insects’ roles in disease transmission.

Importance of Surveillance

Regular surveillance and control measures are crucial, especially given the Andaman and Nicobar Islands’ status as a tourist destination. The presence of multiple Culicoides species requires monitoring to prevent outbreaks of diseases affecting livestock and potentially humans.

Conclusion on Ecological Role

Culicoides play role in the ecosystem. They are vectors of numerous pathogens, impacting not only livestock but also wildlife and humans. Their study contributes to understanding biodiversity and ecological health in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Discuss the ecological significance of the Culicoides genus in disease transmission.
2. Critically examine the impact of bluetongue disease on livestock farming in India.
3. Explain the importance of biodiversity in the context of newly discovered species in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
4. With suitable examples, discuss the relationship between climate change and the distribution of vector species like Culicoides.

Answer Hints:

1. Discuss the ecological significance of the Culicoides genus in disease transmission.

1. Culicoides species are vectors for numerous pathogens, including viruses, protozoans, and nematodes.
2. They play important role in the transmission of bluetongue disease, impacting livestock health.
3. Their presence affects wildlife populations, as they can transmit diseases to various animal species.
4. About their ecology helps in managing disease outbreaks and protecting agricultural economies.
5. Research on their biodiversity contributes to knowledge about ecosystem health and resilience.

2. Critically examine the impact of bluetongue disease on livestock farming in India.

1. Bluetongue disease can lead to severe health issues in livestock, including fever and facial swelling.
2. Infected animals may experience high mortality rates, affecting farmers’ livelihoods.
3. The disease poses economic risks to the agricultural sector, threatening food security.
4. Control measures and regular surveillance are necessary to mitigate outbreaks and protect livestock.
5. Awareness and education among farmers are vital for managing bluetongue disease effectively.

3. Explain the importance of biodiversity in the context of newly discovered species in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

1. Biodiversity contributes to ecosystem stability and resilience against environmental changes.
2. Newly discovered species enhance our understanding of ecological interactions and species roles.
3. The presence of diverse species can indicate the health of ecosystems and inform conservation efforts.
4. Protecting biodiversity is essential for maintaining agricultural productivity and food security.
5. New species may possess unique traits that could be beneficial for research and development in various fields.

4. With suitable examples, discuss the relationship between climate change and the distribution of vector species like Culicoides.

1. Climate change alters habitats, affecting the distribution and abundance of vector species.
2. Rising temperatures can expand the range of Culicoides, increasing their interaction with livestock and humans.
3. Changes in precipitation patterns can influence breeding sites and population dynamics of these flies.
4. For example, warmer climates may lead to increased bluetongue outbreaks in previously unaffected regions.
5. About these relationships is crucial for predicting future disease risks and implementing control measures.