In recent news, a unique algal species featuring an ‘umbrella head’ has been identified by a group of botanists exploring the rich marine biodiversity of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The area, known for its diverse coral reefs, is frequently a hotspot for new underwater findings. Earlier this year, in March 2021, two novel red algal seaweed species were also uncovered along India’s coastline.
Understanding Algae
Algae are predominantly aquatic organisms that carry out photosynthesis and have nuclei. They lack the true roots, stems, leaves, and specialized multicellular reproductive structures found in plants. Their photosynthetic pigments are more diverse than those of plants and they possess cell features not seen in plants and animals.
Ecologically, algae play a crucial role as oxygen producers and serve as the food base for nearly all aquatic life. From an economic perspective, they serve multiple purposes, including being a source of crude oil and providing food, pharmaceuticals, and industrial products for humans. The study of algae is termed Phycology.
About the Algal Species: Acetabularia jalakanyakae
The newly discovered algal species, named Acetabularia jalakanyakae, is a bright green, rather primitive single-cell organism. With a size ranging from 20 to 40 mm, it derives its name from ‘Acetabulum’, meaning a small cup-shaped structure, and ‘jalakanyakae’, a Sanskrit term that translates to ocean goddess or sea mermaid. This species marks the first of the genus Acetabularia discovered in India.
Characteristics of the Algal Species
The Acetabularia jalakanyakae bears a striking resemblance to an umbrella or a mushroom, complete with grooves on its cap measuring 15 to 20 mm in diameter. It is composed of one giant cell which houses a nucleus that forms a rhizoid structure, enabling the algae to attach itself to shallow rocks. An important characteristic of this alga is its high regenerative capability. In the world of plants and fungi, rhizoids are structures that provide support like roots or participate in absorption.
Significance of the Algal Species
The presence of a giant cell in Acetabularia jalakanyakae offers an advantage for molecular biologists studying cellular processes, as they can observe and manipulate it even with the naked eye. This makes Acetabularia a model organism in the field of biology and marine studies.
Threats to Acetabularia jalakanyakae
Despite the exciting find, concerns have arisen regarding the sustainability of this new species. Much like their coral reef counterparts, these plants are threatened by rising sea levels attributed to global warming. Additionally, they are highly susceptible to ocean acidification resulting from global greenhouse gas emissions. This vulnerability stems from the considerable calcium carbonate deposits found within the plants of the genus Acetabularia, which account for nearly half their dry weight.