The article opens with an explanation of a recent achievement made by the National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad. They have successfully developed an immunosensor capable of detecting Non-Structural 1 (NS1) secretory protein – a suitable biomarker for identifying the presence of Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) in the blood. The detection of NS1, as opposed to antibodies, has a significant advantage as it helps in early detection due to its presence from day 1 of infection, while antibodies only appear after Day 4/5 of infection.
What is Japanese Encephalitis and How is it Transmitted?
Japanese Encephalitis is a disease caused by a flavivirus impacting the membranes around the brain. The JEV also poses as a primary cause of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) within India. The disease is transmitted to humans via the bites of infected mosquitoes, predominantly of the Culex species which often breed in large water bodies and rice fields rich in aquatic vegetation. Moreover, the community’s pigs and migratory birds play a significant influence on transmitting JE from one area to another.
The Symptoms and Treatment of Japanese Encephalitis
Most individuals infected with JE either do not showcase symptoms or experience mild symptoms. However, a small percentage develop inflammation of the brain, known as encephalitis, exhibiting symptoms like a sudden onset of headache, high fever, disorientation, coma, tremors, and convulsions. There is no specific antiviral treatment available for patients suffering from JE. The available treatments are supportive, aimed at relieving symptoms and stabilising the patient’s condition.
Prevention Measures Against Japanese Encephalitis
Preventive measures against the disease include safe and effective JE vaccines. In India, the mass vaccination process with the JE vaccine began after the major outbreak in 2005. Moreover, JE vaccination is included under the Universal Immunisation Program of the Government of India.
Government Initiatives to Curb Japanese Encephalitis
In order to reduce the cases of morbidity, mortality, and disability due to JE/AES among children, the Government of India under the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Japanese Encephalitis (JE)/ Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (NPPCJA) has developed a multi-pronged strategic approach.
Several ministries in coordination have undertaken numerous measures such as strengthening public health activities, better clinical management of JE/AES Cases, ensuring a safe water supply and providing high-quality nutrition to vulnerable children. Other important steps include establishing District Disability Rehabilitation Centres for effective disability management and rehabilitation, supplying safe water in slums and towns, and providing special facilities for disabled children to aid their education.