The NISAR mission, launched recently, marks advancement in Earth observation technology. It employs dual-frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) to detect subtle changes on the planet’s surface. This includes ground deformation, ice sheet movement, vegetation dynamics, and more. The satellite’s capabilities extend to disaster management, climate change studies, and sectors like aviation and shipping.
Dual-Frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
NISAR uses two radar bands – L-band and S-band. NASA developed the L-band radar, which penetrates dense ice and tall vegetation. ISRO created the S-band radar, suited for shorter plants and supports aviation and shipping by managing fog and visibility. The two bands complement each other by capturing different surface features and moisture levels.
Collaborative Roles of ISRO and NASA
ISRO manages satellite commanding, operations, and developed the S-band radar system and launch. NASA provides the orbit manoeuvre and radar operations plans and developed the L-band radar. This partnership ensures comprehensive data collection and satellite performance.
Data Collection and Mission Duration
NISAR orbits Earth 14 times daily at 464 miles altitude. It scans nearly all land and ice surfaces twice every 12 days. The satellite sends about 80 terabytes of data to Earth each day. The prime mission is set for three years, beginning with a 90-day commissioning phase to verify system and radar performance.
Applications in Environmental and Disaster Monitoring
NISAR’s radar can track soil moisture, surface water resources, and shoreline changes. It monitors ice sheet movement and ground deformation, crucial for understanding climate change. It also aids disaster response by characterising storms and other natural hazards. Its data supports aviation and shipping sectors by improving fog and visibility management.
Technological Impact and Future Prospects
The mission’s dual-frequency radar technology is a breakthrough in Earth observation. It allows detailed study of natural surfaces and dynamic changes. This enhances scientific knowledge and practical applications in environmental management, disaster mitigation, and transportation safety.
Questions for UPSC:
- Analyse the role of Synthetic Aperture Radar technology in modern Earth observation missions and its impact on climate change studies.
- Critically discuss the importance of international collaboration in space missions like NISAR and its influence on global scientific research.
- Examine the challenges in managing large volumes of satellite data and how they affect disaster response and environmental monitoring.
- Point out the significance of satellite-based monitoring for the aviation and shipping sectors, and estimate its benefits for safety and operational efficiency.
